amounted　to　the　value　of　more　than　sixty　million　dollars。　As　in　the
  days　of　the　War　of　Independence；　and　as　a　necessary　consequence　of
  the　increase　in　manufacturing　power；　there　occurred　a　rapid　rise　in
  all　prices；　not　only　of　produce　and　in　wages；　but　also　of　landed
  property；　and　hence　universal　prosperity　amongst　landowners；
  labourers；　and　all　engaged　in　internal　trade。
  After　the　peace　of　Ghent；　Congress；　warned　by　the　experience　of
  1786；　decreed　that　for　the　first　year　the　previous　duties　should　be
  doubled；　and　during　this　period　the　country　continued　to　prosper。
  Coerced；　however；　by　powerful　private　interests　which　were　opposed
  to　those　of　the　manufacturers；　and　persuaded　by　the　arguments　of
  theorists；　it　resolved　in　the　year　1816　to　make　a　considerable
  reduction　in　the　import　duties；　whereupon　the　same　effects　of
  external　competition　reappeared　which　had　been　experienced　from
  1786　to　1789；　viz。　ruin　of　manufactories；　unsaleability　of　produce；
  fall　in　the　value　of　property　and　general　calamity　among
  landowners。　After　the　country　had　for　a　second　time　enjoyed　in　war
  time　the　blessings　of　peace；　it　suffered；　for　a　second　time；
  greater　evils　through　peace　than　the　most　devastating　war　could
  have　brought　upon　it。　It　was　only　in　the　year　1824；　after　the
  effects　of　the　English　corn　laws　had　been　made　manifest　to　the　full
  extent　of　their　unwise　tendency　thus　compelling　the　agricultural
  interest　of　the　central；　northern；　and　western　states　to　make
  common　cause　with　the　manufacturing　interest；　that　a　somewhat
  higher　tariff　was　passed　in　Congress；　which；　however；　as　Mr
  Huskisson　immediately　brought　forward　counteracting　measures　with
  the　view　of　paralysing　the　effects　of　this　tariff　on　English
  competition；　soon　proved　insufficient；　and　had　to　be　supplemented
  by　the　tariff　of　1828；　carried　through　Congress　after　a　violent
  struggle。
  Recently　published　official　statistics（1*）　of　Massachusetts
  give　a　tolerable　idea　of　the　start　taken　by　the　manufactures　of　the
  United　States；　especially　in　the　central　and　northern　states　of　the
  Union；　in　consequence　of　the　protective　system；　and　in　spite　of　the
  subsequent　modification　of　the　tariff　of　1828。　In　the　year　1837；
  there　were　in　this　State　（Massachusetts）　282　cotton　mills　and
  565；031　spindles　in　operation；　employing　4；997　male　and　14；757
  female　hands；　37；275；917　pounds　of　cotton　were　worked　up；　and
  126；000；000　yards　of　textile　fabrics　manufactured；　of　the　value　of
  13；056；659　dollars；　produced　by　a　capital　of　14；369；719　dollars。
  In　the　woollen　manufacture　there　were　192　mills；　501　machines；
  and　3；612　male　and　3；485　female　operatives　employed；　who　worked　up
  10；858；988　pounds　of　wool；　and　produced　11；313；426　yards　of　cloth；
  of　the　value　of　10；399；807　dollars　on　a　working　capital　of
  5；770；750　dollars。
  16；689；877　pairs　of　shoes　and　boots　were　manufactured　（large
  quantities　of　shoes　being　exported　to　the　western　states）；　to　the
  value　of　14；642；520　dollars。
  The　other　branches　of　manufacture　stood　in　relative　proportion
  to　the　above。
  The　combined　value　of　the　manufactures　of　the　State　（deducting
  shipbuilding）　amounted　to　over　86　million　dollars；　with　a　working
  capital　of　about　60　million　dollars。
  The　number　of　operatives　（men）　was　117；352；　and　the　total
  number　of　inhabitants　of　the　State　（in　1837）　was　701；331。
  Misery；　brutality；　and　crime　are　unknown　among　the
  manufacturing　population　here。　On　the　contrary；　among　the　numerous
  male　and　female　factory　workers　the　strictest　morality；
  cleanliness；　and　neatness　in　dress；　exist；　libraries　are
  established　to　furnish　them　with　useful　and　instructive　books；　the
  work　is　not　exhausting；　the　food　nourishing　and　good。　Most　of　the
  women　save　a　dowry　for　themselves。（2*）
  This　last　is　evidently　the　effect　of　the　cheap　prices　of　the
  common　necessaries　of　life；　light　taxation；　and　an　equitable
  customs　tariff。　Let　England　repeal　the　restrictions　on　the　import
  of　agricultural　produce；　decrease　the　existing　taxes　on　consumption
  by　one…half　or　two…thirds；　cover　the　loss　by　an　income　tax；　and　her
  factory　workers　will　be　put　into　the　same　position。
  No　nation　has　been　so　misconstrued　and　so　misjudged　as　respects
  its　future　destiny　and　its　national　economy　as　the　United　States　of
  North　America；　by　theorists　as　well　as　by　practical　men。　Adam　Smith
  and　J。　B。　Say　had　laid　it　down　that　the　United　States　were；　'like
  Poland；'　destined　for　agriculture。　This　comparison　was　not　very
  flattering　for　the　union　of　some　dozen　of　new；　aspiring；　youthful
  republics；　and　the　prospect　thus　held　out　to　them　for　the　future
  not　very　encouraging。　The　above…mentioned　theorists　had
  demonstrated　that　Nature　herself　had　singled　out　the　people　of　the
  United　States　exclusively　for　agriculture；　so　long　as　the　richest
  arable　land　was　to　be　had　in　their　country　for　a　mere　trifle。　Great
  was　the　commendation　which　had　been　bestowed　upon　them　for　so
  willingly　acquiescing　in　Nature's　ordinances；　and　thus　supplying
  theorists　with　a　beautiful　example　of　the　splendid　working　of　the
  principle　of　free　trade。　The　school；　however；　soon　had　to
  experience　the　mortification　of　losing　this　cogent　proof　of　the
  correctness　and　applicability　of　their　theories　in　practice；　and
  had　to　endure　the　spectacle　of　the　United　States　seeking　their
  nation's　welfare　in　a　direction　exactly　opposed　to　that　of　absolute
  freedom　of　trade。
  As　this　youthful　nation　had　previously　been　the　very　apple　of
  the　eye　of　the　schoolmen；　so　she　now　became　the　object　of　the
  heaviest　condemnation　on　the　part　of　the　theorists　of　every　nation
  in　Europe。　It　was　said　to　be　a　proof　of　the　slight　progress　of　the
  New　World　in　political　knowledge；　that　while　the　European　nations
  were　striving　with　the　most　honest　zeal　to　render　universal　free
  trade　possible；　while　England　and　France　especially　were　actually
  engaged　in　endeavouring　to　make　important　advances　towards　this
  great　philanthropic　object；　the　United　States　of　North　America　were
  seeking　to　promote　their　national　prosperity　by　a　return　to　that
  long…exploded　mercantile　system　which　had　been　clearly　refuted　by
  theory。　A　country　like　the　United　States；　in　which　such　measureless
  tracts　of　fruitful　land　still　remained　uncultivated　and　where　wages
  ruled　so　high；　could　not　utilise　its　material　wealth　and　increase
  of　population　to　better　purpose　than　in　agriculture；　and　when　this
  should　have　reached　complete　development；　then　manufactures　would
  arise　in　the　natural　course　of　events　without　artificial　forcing。
  But　by　an　artificial　development　of　manufactures　the　United　States
  would　injure　not　only　the　countries　which　had　long　before　enjoyed
  civilisation；　but　themselves　most　of　all。
  With　the　Americans；　however；　sound　common　sense；　and　the
  instinct　of　what　was　necessary　for　the　nation；　were　more　potent
  than　a　belief　in　theoretical　propositions。　The　arguments　of　the
  theorists　were　thoroughly　investigated；　and　strong　doubts
  entertained　of　the　infallibility　of　a　doctrine　which　its　own
  disciples　were　not　willing　to　put　in　practice。
  To　the　argument　concerning　the　still　uncultivated　tracts　of
  fruitful　land；　it　was　answered　that　tracts　of　such　land　in　the
  populous；　well…cultivated　states　of　the　Union　which　were　ripe　for
  manufacturing　industry；　were　as　rare　as　in　Great　Britain；　that　the
  surplus　population　of　those　states　would　have　to　migrate　at　great
  expense　to　the　west；　in　order　to　bring　tracts　of　land　of　that
  description　into　cultivation；　thus　not　only　annually　causing　the
  eastern　states　large　losses　in　material　and　intellectual　resources；
  but　also；　inasmuch　as　such　emigration　would　transform　customers
  into　competitors；　the　value　of　landed　property　and　agricultural
  produce　would　thereby　be　lessened。　It　could　not　be　to　the　advantage
  of　the　Union　that　all　waste　land　belonging　to　it　should　be
  cultivated　up　to　the　Pacific　Ocean　before　either　the　population；
  the　civilisation；　or　the　military　power　of　the　old　states　had　been
  fully　developed。　On　the　contrary；　the　cultivation　of　distant　virgin
  lands　could　confer　no　benefit　on　the　eastern　states　unless　they
  themselves　devoted　their　attention　to　manufacturing；　and　could
  exchange　their　manufactures　against　the　produce　of　the　west。　People
  went　still　further：　Was　not　England；　it　was　asked；　in　much　the　same
  position？　Had　not　England　also　under　her　dominion　vast　tracts　of
  fertile　land　still　uncultivated　in　Canada；　in　Australi