common　welfare。
  The　foundation　for　the　revival　of　German　nationality　was
  undoubtedly　laid　by　the　Governments　them　selves；　by　their
  conscientious　devotion　of　the　proceeds　of　the　secularised　Church
  lands　to　the　uses　of　education　and　instruction；　of　art　and　science；
  of　morality　and　objects　of　public　utility。　By　these　measures　light
  made　its　way　into　the　State　administration　and　the　administration
  of　justice；　into　education　and　literature；　into　agriculture；
  industry；　and　commerce；　and　above　all　amongst　the　masses。　Thus
  Germany　developed　herself　in　a　totally　different　way　from　all　other
  nations。　Elsewhere　high　mental　culture　rather　grew　out　of　the
  evolution　of　the　material　powers　of　production；　whilst　in　Germany
  the　growth　of　material　powers　of　production　was　the　outcome　chiefly
  of　an　antecedent　intellectual　development。　Hence　at　the　present　day
  the　whole　culture　of　the　Germans　is　theoretical。　Hence　also　those
  many　unpractical　and　odd　traits　in　the　German　character　which　other
  nations　notice　in　us。
  For　the　moment　the　Germans　are　in　the　position　of　an　individual
  who；　having　been　formerly　deprived　of　the　use　of　his　limbs；　first
  learned　theoretically　the　arts　of　standing　and　walking；　of　eating
  and　drinking；　of　laughing　and　weeping；　and　then　only　proceeded　to
  put　them　in　practice。　Hence　comes　the　German　predilection　for
  philosophic　systems　and　cosmopolitan　dreams。　The　intellect；　which
  was　not　allowed　to　stir　in　the　affairs　of　this　world；　strove　to
  exercise　itself　in　the　realms　of　speculation。　Hence；　too；　we　find
  that　nowhere　has　the　doctrine　of　Adam　Smith　and　of　his　disciples
  obtained　a　larger　following　than　in　Germany；　nowhere　else　have
  people　more　thoroughly　believed　in　the　cosmopolitan　magnanimity　of
  Messrs　Canning　and　Huskisson。
  For　the　first　progress　in　manufactures　Germany　is　indebted　to
  the　revocation　of　the　Edict　of　Nantes　and　to　the　numerous　refugees
  who　by　that　insane　measure　were　driven　to　emigrate　to　almost　every
  part　of　Germany；　and　established　everywhere　manufactures　of　wool；
  silk；　jewellery；　hats；　glass；　china；　gloves；　and　industries　of
  every　kind。
  The　first　Government　measures　for　the　promotion　of　manufactures
  in　Germany　were　introduced　by　Austria　and　Prussia；　in　Austria　under
  Charles　VI　and　Maria　Theresa；　but　even　more　under　Joseph　II。
  Austria　had　formerly　suffered　enormously　from　the　banishment　of　the
  Protestants；　her　most　industrious　citizens；　nor　can　it　be　exactly
  affirmed　that　she　distinguished　herself　in　the　immediate　sequel　by
  promoting　enlightenment　and　mental　culture。　Afterwards；　in
  consequence　of　a　protective　tariff；　improved　sheep　farming；　better
  roads；　and　other　encouragements；　industry　made　considerable　strides
  even　under　Maria　Theresa。
  More　energetically　still　was　this　work　pushed　forward　under
  Joseph　II　and　with　immensely　greater　success。　At　first；　indeed；　the
  results　could　not　be　called　important；　because　the　Emperor；
  according　to　his　wont；　was　too　precipitate　in　these　as　in　all　his
  other　schemes　of　reform；　and　Austria；　in　relation　to　other　states；
  still　occupied　too　backward　a　position。　Here　as　elsewhere　it　became
  evident　that　one　might　get　'too　much　of　a　good　thing'　at　once；　and
  that　protective　duties；　in　order　to　work　beneficially　and　not　as　a
  disturbing　element　upon　an　existing　state　of　things；　must　not　be
  made　too　high　at　the　commencement。　But　the　longer　that　system
  continued；　the　more　clearly　was　its　wisdom　demonstrated。　To　that
  tariff　Austria　is　indebted　for　her　present　prosperous　industries
  and　the　flourishing　condition　of　her　agriculture。
  The　industry　of　Prussia　had　suffered　more　than　that　of　any
  other　country　from　the　devastations　of　the　Thirty　Years'　War。　Her
  most　important　industry；　the　manufacture　of　cloth　in　the　Margravate
  of　Brandenburg；　was　almost　entirely　annihilated。　The　majority　of
  cloth　workers　had　migrated　to　Saxony；　while　English　imports　at　the
  time　held　every　competition　in　check。　To　the　advantage　of　Prussia
  now　came　the　revocation　of　the　Edict　of　Nantes　and　the　persecution
  of　the　Protestants　in　the　Palatinate　and　in　Salzburg。　The　great
  Elector　saw　at　a　glance　what　Elizabeth　before　him　had　so　clearly
  understood。　In　consequence　of　the　measures　devised　by　him　a　great
  number　of　the　fugitives　directed　their　steps　to　Prussia；　fertilised
  the　agricultural　industry　of　the　land；　established　a　large　number
  of　manufactures；　and　cultivated　science　and　art。　All　his　successors
  followed　in　his　footsteps；　none　with　more　zeal　than　the　great　King
  greater　by　his　policy　in　times　of　peace　than　by　his　successes　in
  war。　Space　is　wanting　to　treat　at　length　of　the　countless　measures
  whereby　Frederick　II　attracted　to　his　dominions　large　numbers　of
  foreign　agriculturists；　brought　tracts　of　waste　land　into
  cultivation；　and　established　the　cultivation　of　meadows；　of　cattle
  fodder；　vegetables；　potatoes；　and　tobacco；　improved　sheep　farming；
  cattle　breeding；　horse　breeding；　the　use　of　mineral　manures；　&c。；
  by　which　means　he　created　capital　and　credit　for　the　benefit　of　the
  agricultural　classes。　Still　more　than　by　these　direct　measures　he
  promoted　indirectly　the　interests　of　agriculture　by　means　of　those
  branches　of　manufacture　which；　in　consequence　of　the　customs　tariff
  and　the　improved　means　of　transport　which　he　established；　as　well
  as　the　establishment　of　a　bank；　made　greater　advances　in　Prussia
  than　in　any　other　German　state；　notwithstanding　that　that　country's
  geographical　position；　and　its　division　into　several　provinces
  separated　from　one　another；　were　much　less　favourable　for　the
  success　of　such　measures；　and　that　the　disadvantages　of　a　customs
  cordon；　namely；　the　damaging　effects　of　a　contraband　trade；　must　be
  felt　more　acutely　there　than　in　great　states　whose　territories　are
  compact　and　well　protected　by　boundaries　of　seas；　rivers；　and
  chains　of　mountains。
  At　the　same　time　we　are　nowise　anxious；　under　cover　of　this
  eulogy；　to　defend　the　faults　of　the　system；　such　as；　for　example；
  the　restrictions　laid　upon　the　exportation　of　raw　material。　Still；
  that　in　despite　of　these　faults　the　national　industry　was
  considerably　advanced　by　it；　no　enlightened　and　impartial　historian
  would　venture　to　dispute。
  To　every　unprejudiced　mind；　unclouded　by　false　theories；　it
  must　be　clear　that　Prussia　gained　her　title　to　rank　amongst　the
  European　powers　not　so　much　by　her　conquests　as　by　her　wise　policy
  in　promoting　the　interests　of　agriculture；　industry；　and　trade；　and
  by　her　progress　in　literature　and　science；　and　all　this　was　the
  work　of　one　great　genius　alone。
  And　yet　the　Crown　was　not　yet　supported　by　the　energy　of　free
  institutions；　but　simply　by　an　administrative　system；　well　ordered
  and　conscientious；　but　unquestionably　trammelled　by　the　dead
  mechanical　routine　of　a　hierarchical　bureaucracy。
  Meanwhile　all　the　rest　of　Germany　had　for　centuries　been　under
  the　influence　of　free　trade　　that　is　to　say；　the　whole　world　was
  free　to　export　manufactured　products　into　Germany；　while　no　one
  consented　to　admit　German　manufactured　goods　into　other　countries。
  This　rule　had　its　exceptions；　but　only　a　few。　It　cannot；　however；
  be　asserted　that　the　predictions　and　the　promises　of　the　school
  about　the　great　benefits　of　free　trade　have　been　verified　by　the
  experience　of　this　country；　for　everywhere　the　movement　was　rather
  retrograde　than　progressive。　Cities　like　Augsburg；　N黵nberg；
  Mayence；　Cologne；　&c。；　numbered　no　more　than　a　third　or　a　fourth
  part　of　their　former　population；　and　wars　were　often　wished　for
  merely　for　the　sake　of　getting　rid　of　a　valueless　surplus　of
  produce。
  The　wars　came　in　the　train　of　the　French　Revolution；　and　with
  them　English　subsidies　together　with　increased　English　competition。
  Hence　a　new　downward　tendency　in　manufactures　coupled　with　an
  increase　in　agricultural　prosperity；　which；　however；　was　only
  apparent　and　transitory。
  Next　followed　Napoleon's　Continental　Blockade；　an　event　which
  marked　an　era　in　the　history　of　both　German　and　French　industry；
  notwithstanding　that　Mons。　J。　B。　Say；　Adam　Smith's　most　famous
  pupil；　denounced　it　as　a　calamity。　Whatever　theorists；　and　notably
  the　English；　may　urge　against　it；　this　much　is　clearly　made　out
  and　all　who　are　conversant　with　German　industry　must　attest　it；　for
  there　is　abundant　evidence　of　the　fact　in　all　statistical　writings
  of　that　day　　that；　as　a　result　of　this　blockade；　German
  manufactures　o