national　power　is　a　dynamic　force　by　which　new　productive　resources
  are　opened　out；　and　because　the　forces　of　production　are　the　tree
  on　which　wealth　grows；　and　because　the　tree　which　bears　the　fruit
  is　of　greater　value　than　the　fruit　itself。　Power　is　of　more
  importance　than　wealth　because　a　nation；　by　means　of　power；　is
  enabled　not　only　to　open　up　new　productive　sources；　but　to　maintain
  itself　in　possession　of　former　and　of　recently　acquired　wealth；　and
  because　the　reverse　of　power　　namely；　feebleness　　leads　to　the
  relinquishment　of　all　that　we　possess；　not　of　acquired　wealth
  alone；　but　of　our　powers　of　production；　of　our　civilisation；　of　our
  freedom；　nay；　even　of　our　national　independence；　into　the　hands　of
  those　who　surpass　us　in　might；　as　is　abundantly　attested　by　the
  history　of　the　Italian　republics；　of　the　Hanseatic　League；　of　the
  Belgians；　the　Dutch；　the　Spaniards；　and　the　Portuguese。
  But　how　came　it　that；　unmindful　of　this　law　of　alternating
  action　and　reaction　between　political　power；　the　forces　of
  production　and　wealth；　Adam　Smith　could　venture　to　contend　that　the
  Methuen　Treaty　and　the　Act　of　Navigation　had　not　been　beneficial　to
  England　from　a　commercial　point　of　view？　We　have　shown　how　England
  by　the　policy　which　she　pursued　acquired　power；　and　by　her
  political　power　gained　productive　power；　and　by　her　productive
  power　gained　wealth。　Let　us　now　see　further　how；　as　a　result　of
  this　policy；　power　has　been　added　to　power；　and　productive　forces
  to　productive　forces。
  England　has　got　into　her　possession　the　keys　of　every　sea；　and
  placed　a　sentry　over　every　nation：　over　the　Germans；　Heligoland；
  over　the　French；　Guernsey　and　Jersey；　over　the　inhabitants　of　North
  America；　Nova　Scotia　and　the　Bermudas；　over　Central　America；　the
  island　of　Jamaica；　over　all　countries　bordering　on　the
  Mediterranean；　Gibraltar；　Malta；　and　the　Ionian　Islands。　She
  possesses　every　important　strategical　position　on　both　the　routes
  to　India　with　the　exception　of　the　Isthmus　of　Suez；　which　she　is
  striving　to　acquire；　she　dominates　the　Mediterranean　by　means　of
  Gibraltar；　the　Red　Sea　by　Aden；　and　the　Persian　Gulf　by　Bushire　and
  Karrack。　She　needs　only　the　further　acquisition　of　the　Dardanelles；
  the　Sound；　and　the　Isthmuses　of　Suez　and　Panama；　in　order　to　be
  able　to　open　and　close　at　her　pleasure　every　sea　and　every　maritime
  highway。　Her　navy　alone　surpasses　the　combined　maritime　forces　of
  all　other　countries；　if　not　in　number　of　vessels；　at　any　rate　in
  fighting　strength。
  Her　manufacturing　capacity　excels　in　importance　that　of　all
  other　nations。　And　although　her　cloth　manufactures　have　increased
  more　than　tenfold　（to　forty…four　and　a　half　millions）　since　the
  days　of　James　I；　we　find　the　yield　of　another　branch　of　industry；
  which　was　established　only　in　the　course　of　the　last　century；
  namely；　the　manufacture　of　cotton；　amounting　to　a　much　larger　sum；
  fifty…two　and　a　half　millions。（8*）
  Not　content　with　that；　England　is　now　attempting　to　raise　her
  linen　manufacture；　which　has　been　long　in　a　backward　state　as
  compared　with　that　of　other　countries；　to　a　similar　position；
  possibly　to　a　higher　one　than　that　of　the　two　above…named　branches
  of　industry：　it　now　amounts　to　fifteen　and　a　half　millions
  sterling。　In　the　fourteenth　century；　England　was　still　so　poor　in
  iron　that　she　thought　it　necessary　to　prohibit　the　exportation　of
  this　indispensable　metal；　she　now；　in　the　nineteenth　century；
  manufactures　more　iron　and　steel　wares　than　all　the　other　nations
  on　earth　（namely；　thirty…one　millions'　worth）；　while　she　produces
  thirty…four　millions　in　value　of　coal　and　other　minerals。　These　two
  sums　exceed　by　over　sevenfold　the　value　of　the　entire　gold　and
  silver　production　of　all　other　nations；　which　amount　to　about　two
  hundred　and　twenty　million　francs；　or　nine　millions　sterling。
  At　this　day　she　produces　more　silk　goods　than　all　the　Italian
  republics　produced　in　the　Middle　Ages　together；　namely；　thirteen
  and　a　half　million　pounds。　Industries　which　at　the　time　of　Henry
  VIII　and　Elizabeth　scarcely　deserved　classification；　now　yield
  enormous　sums；　as；　for　instance；　the　glass；　china；　and　stoneware
  manufactures；　representing　eleven　millions；　the　copper　and　brass
  manufactures；　four　and　a　half　millions；　the　manufactures　of　paper；
  books；　colours；　and　furniture；　fourteen　millions。
  England　produces；　moreover；　sixteen　millions'　worth　of　leather
  goods；　besides　ten　millions'　worth　of　unenumerated　articles。　The
  manufacture　of　beer　and　spirituous　liquors　in　England　alone　greatly
  exceeds　in　value　the　aggregate　of　national　production　in　the　days
  of　James　I；　namely；　forty…seven　millions　sterling。
  The　entire　manufacturing　production　of　the　United　Kingdom　at
  the　present　time；　is　estimated　to　amount　to　two　hundred　and
  fifty…nine　and　a　half　millions　sterling。
  As　a　consequence；　and　mainly　as　a　consequence；　of　this　gigantic
  manufacturing　production；　the　productive　power　of　agriculture　has
  been　enabled　to　yield　a　total　value　exceeding　twice　that　sum　（five
  hundred　and　thirty…nine　millions　sterling）。
  It　is　true　that　for　this　increase　in　her　power；　and　in　her
  productive　capacity；　England　is　not　indebted　solely　to　her
  commercial　restrictions；　her　Navigation　Laws；　or　her　commercial
  treaties；　but　in　a　large　measure　also　to　her　conquests　in　science
  and　in　the　arts。
  But　how　comes　it；　that　in　these　days　one　million　of　English
  operatives　can　perform　the　work　of　hundreds　of　millions？　It　comes
  from　the　great　demand　for　manufactured　goods　which　by　her　wise　and
  energetic　policy　she　has　known　how　to　create　in　foreign　lands；　and
  especially　in　her　colonies；　from　the　wise　and　powerful　protection
  extended　to　her　home　industries；　from　the　great　rewards　which　by
  means　of　her　patent　laws　she　has　offered　to　every　new　discovery；
  and　from　the　extraordinary　facilities　for　her　inland　transport
  afforded　by　public　roads；　canals；　and　railways。
  England　has　shown　the　world　how　powerful　is　the　effect　of
  facilities　of　transport　in　increasing　the　powers　of　production；　and
  thereby　increasing　the　wealth；　the　population；　and　the　political
  power　of　a　nation。　She　has　shown　us　what　a　free；　industrious；　and
  well…governed　community　can　do　in　this　respect　within　the　brief
  space　of　half　a　century；　even　in　the　midst　of　foreign　wars。　That
  which　the　Italian　republics　had　previously　accomplished　in　these
  respects　was　mere　child's　play。　It　is　estimated　that　as　much　as　a
  hundred　and　eighteen　millions　sterling　have　been　expended　in
  England　upon　these　mighty　instruments　of　the　nation's　productive
  power。
  England；　however；　only　commenced　and　carried　out　these　works
  when　her　manufacturing　power　began　to　grow　strong。　Since　then；　it
  has　become　evident　to　all　observers　that　that　nation　only　whose
  manufacturing　power　begins　to　develop　itself　upon　an　extensive
  scale　is　able　to　accomplish　such　works；　that　only　in　a　nation　which
  develops　concurrently　its　internal　manufacturing　and　agricultural
  resources　will　such　costly　engines　of　trade　repay　their　cost；　and
  that　in　such　a　nation　only　will　they　properly　fulfil　their　purpose。
  It　must　be　admitted；　too；　that　the　enormous　producing　capacity
  and　the　great　wealth　of　England　are　not　the　effect　solely　of
  national　power　and　individual　love　of　gain。　The　people's　innate
  love　of　liberty　and　of　justice；　the　energy；　the　religious　and　moral
  character　of　the　people；　have　a　share　in　it。　The　constitution　of
  the　country；　its　institutions；　the　wisdom　and　power　of　the
  Government　and　of　the　aristocracy；　have　a　share　in　it。　The
  geographical　position；　the　fortunes　of　the　country；　nay；　even　good
  luck；　have　a　share　in　it。
  It　is　not　easy　to　say　whether　the　material　forces　exert　a
  greater　influence　over　the　moral　forces；　or　whether　the　moral
  outweigh　the　material　in　their　operation；　whether　the　social　forces
  act　upon　the　individual　forces　the　more　powerfully；　or　whether　the
  latter　upon　the　former。　This　much　is　certain；　however；　namely；　that
  between　the　two　there　subsists　an　interchanging　sequence　of　action
  and　reaction；　with　the　result　that　the　increase　of　one　set　of
  forces　promotes　the　increase　of　the　other；　and　that　the
  enfeeblement　of　the　one　ever　involves　the　enfeeblement　of　the
  other。
  Those　who　seek　for　the　fundamental　causes　of　England's　rise　and
  progress　in　the　blending　of　Anglo…Saxon　with　the　Norman　blood；
  should　first　cast　a　glance　at　the　condi