第 24 节
作者:
天净沙 更新:2022-05-01 22:41 字数:9322
and stitching pamphlets; tending shop; purchasing old linen rags for the
papermakers; etc。; etc。 We kept no idle servants; our table was plain and
simple; our furniture of the cheapest。 For instance; my breakfast was a
long time bread and milk (no tea); and I ate it out of a twopenny earthen
porringer; with a pewter spoon。 But mark how luxury will enter families;
and make a progress; in spite of principle: being call'd one morning to
breakfast; I found it in a China bowl; with a spoon of silver! They had
been bought for me without my knowledge by my wife; and had cost her
the enormous sum of three…and…twenty shillings; for which she had no
other excuse or apology to make; but that she thought her husband
deserv'd a silver spoon and China bowl as well as any of his neighbors。
This was the first appearance of plate and China in our house; which
afterward; in a course of years; as our wealth increas'd; augmented
gradually to several hundred pounds in value。
I had been religiously educated as a Presbyterian; and tho' some of the
dogmas of that persuasion; such as the eternal decrees of God; election;
reprobation; etc。; appeared to me unintelligible; others doubtful; and I
early absented myself from the public assemblies of the sect; Sunday
being my studying day; I never was without some religious principles。 I
never doubted; for instance; the existence of the Deity; that he made the
world; and govern'd it by his Providence; that the most acceptable service
of God was the doing good to man; that our souls are immortal; and that
all crime will be punished; and virtue rewarded; either here or hereafter。
These I esteem'd the essentials of every religion; and; being to be found in
all the religions we had in our country; I respected them all; tho' with
different degrees of respect; as I found them more or less mix'd with other
articles; which; without any tendency to inspire; promote; or confirm
morality; serv'd principally to divide us; and make us unfriendly to one
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another。 This respect to all; with an opinion that the worst had some good
effects; induc'd me to avoid all discourse that might tend to lessen the
good opinion another might have of his own religion; and as our province
increas'd in people; and new places of worship were continually wanted;
and generally erected by voluntary contributions; my mite for such
purpose; whatever might be the sect; was never refused。
Tho' I seldom attended any public worship; I had still an opinion of its
propriety; and of its utility when rightly conducted; and I regularly paid
my annual subscription for the support of the only Presbyterian minister or
meeting we had in Philadelphia。 He us'd to visit me sometimes as a friend;
and admonish me to attend his administrations; and I was now and then
prevail'd on to do so; once for five Sundays successively。 Had he been in
my opinion a good preacher; perhaps I might have continued;
notwithstanding the occasion I had for the Sunday's leisure in my course
of study; but his discourses were chiefly either polemic arguments; or
explications of the peculiar doctrines of our sect; and were all to me very
dry; uninteresting; and unedifying; since not a single moral principle was
inculcated or enforc'd; their aim seeming to be rather to make us
Presbyterians than good citizens。
At length he took for his text that verse of the fourth chapter of
Philippians; 〃Finally; brethren; whatsoever things are true; honest; just;
pure; lovely; or of good report; if there be any virtue; or any praise; think
on these things。〃 And I imagin'd; in a sermon on such a text; we could not
miss of having some morality。 But he confin'd himself to five points only;
as meant by the apostle; viz。: 1。 Keeping holy the Sabbath day。 2。 Being
diligent in reading the holy Scriptures。 3。 Attending duly the publick
worship。 4。 Partaking of the Sacrament。 5。 Paying a due respect to God's
ministers。 These might be all good things; but; as they were not the kind of
good things that I expected from that text; I despaired of ever meeting with
them from any other; was disgusted; and attended his preaching no more。 I
had some years before compos'd a little Liturgy; or form of prayer; for my
own private use (viz。; in 1728); entitled; Articles of Belief and Acts of
Religion。 I return'd to the use of this; and went no more to the public
assemblies。 My conduct might be blameable; but I leave it; without
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attempting further to excuse it; my present purpose being to relate facts;
and not to make apologies for them。
It was about this time I conceiv'd the bold and arduous project of
arriving at moral perfection。 I wish'd to live without committing any fault
at any time; I would conquer all that either natural inclination; custom; or
company might lead me into。 As I knew; or thought I knew; what was right
and wrong; I did not see why I might not always do the one and avoid the
other。 But I soon found I had undertaken a task of more difficulty than I
bad imagined。 While my care was employ'd in guarding against one fault;
I was often surprised by another; habit took the advantage of inattention;
inclination was sometimes too strong for reason。 I concluded; at length;
that the mere speculative conviction that it was our interest to be
completely virtuous; was not sufficient to prevent our slipping; and that
the contrary habits must be broken; and good ones acquired and
established; before we can have any dependence on a steady; uniform
rectitude of conduct。 For this purpose I therefore contrived the following
method。
In the various enumerations of the moral virtues I had met with in my
reading; I found the catalogue more or less numerous; as different writers
included more or fewer ideas under the same name。 Temperance; for
example; was by some confined to eating and drinking; while by others it
was extended to mean the moderating every other pleasure; appetite;
inclination; or passion; bodily or mental; even to our avarice and ambition。
I propos'd to myself; for the sake of clearness; to use rather more names;
with fewer ideas annex'd to each; than a few names with more ideas; and I
included under thirteen names of virtues all that at that time occurr'd to me
as necessary or desirable; and annexed to each a short precept; which fully
express'd the extent I gave to its meaning。
These names of virtues; with their precepts; were:
1。 TEMPERANCE。 Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation。
2。 SILENCE。 Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid
trifling conversation。
3。 ORDER。 Let all your things have their places; let each part of your
business have its time。
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4。 RESOLUTION。 Resolve to perform what you ought; perform
without fail what you resolve。
5。 FRUGALITY。 Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself;
i。e。; waste nothing。
6。 INDUSTRY。 Lose no time; be always employ'd in something useful;
cut off all unnecessary actions。
7。 SINCERITY。 Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly; and;
if you speak; speak accordingly。
8。 JUSTICE。 Wrong none by doing injuries; or omitting the benefits
that are your duty。
9。 MODERATION。 Avoid extreams; forbear resenting injuries so
much as you think they deserve。
10。 CLEANLINESS。 Tolerate no uncleanliness in body; cloaths; or
habitation。
11。 TRANQUILLITY。 Be not disturbed at trifles; or at accidents
common or unavoidable。
12。 CHASTITY。 Rarely use venery but for health or offspring; never to
dulness; weakness; or the inj