第 5 节
作者:
天净沙 更新:2022-05-01 22:41 字数:9322
convinced me by several instances。 I saw the justice of his remark; and
thence grew more attentive to the manner in writing; and determined to
endeavor at improvement。
About this time I met with an odd volume of the Spectator。 It was the
third。 I had never before seen any of them。 I bought it; read it over and
over; and was much delighted with it。 I thought the writing excellent; and
wished; if possible; to imitate it。 With this view I took some of the papers;
and; making short hints of the sentiment in each sentence; laid them by a
few days; and then; without looking at the book; try'd to compleat the
papers again; by expressing each hinted sentiment at length; and as fully as
it had been expressed before; in any suitable words that should come to
hand。 Then I compared my Spectator with the original; discovered some of
my faults; and corrected them。 But I found I wanted a stock of words; or a
readiness in recollecting and using them; which I thought I should have
acquired before that time if I had gone on making verses; since the
continual occasion for words of the same import; but of different length; to
suit the measure; or of different sound for the rhyme; would have laid me
15
… Page 16…
THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
under a constant necessity of searching for variety; and also have tended to
fix that variety in my mind; and make me master of it。 Therefore I took
some of the tales and turned them into verse; and; after a time; when I had
pretty well forgotten the prose; turned them back again。 I also sometimes
jumbled my collections of hints into confusion; and after some weeks
endeavored to reduce them into the best order; before I began to form the
full sentences and compleat the paper。 This was to teach me method in the
arrangement of thoughts。 By comparing my work afterwards with the
original; I discovered many faults and amended them; but I sometimes had
the pleasure of fancying that; in certain particulars of small import; I had
been lucky enough to improve the method or the language; and this
encouraged me to think I might possibly in time come to be a tolerable
English writer; of which I was extremely ambitious。 My time for these
exercises and for reading was at night; after work or before it began in the
morning; or on Sundays; when I contrived to be in the printing…house
alone; evading as much as I could the common attendance on public
worship which my father used to exact on me when I was under his care;
and which indeed I still thought a duty; though I could not; as it seemed to
me; afford time to practise it。
When about 16 years of age I happened to meet with a book; written
by one Tryon; recommending a vegetable diet。 I determined to go into it。
My brother; being yet unmarried; did not keep house; but boarded himself
and his apprentices in another family。 My refusing to eat flesh occasioned
an inconveniency; and I was frequently chid for my singularity。 I made
myself acquainted with Tryon's manner of preparing some of his dishes;
such as boiling potatoes or rice; making hasty pudding; and a few others;
and then proposed to my brother; that if he would give me; weekly; half
the money he paid for my board; I would board myself。 He instantly
agreed to it; and I presently found that I could save half what he paid me。
This was an additional fund for buying books。 But I had another advantage
in it。 My brother and the rest going from the printing…house to their meals;
I remained there alone; and; despatching presently my light repast; which
often was no more than a bisket or a slice of bread; a handful of raisins or
a tart from the pastry…cook's; and a glass of water; had the rest of the time
16
… Page 17…
THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
till their return for study; in which I made the greater progress; from that
greater clearness of head and quicker apprehension which usually attend
temperance in eating and drinking。
And now it was that; being on some occasion made asham'd of my
ignorance in figures; which I had twice failed in learning when at school; I
took Cocker's book of Arithmetick; and went through the whole by myself
with great ease。 I also read Seller's and Shermy's books of Navigation; and
became acquainted with the little geometry they contain; but never
proceeded far in that science。 And I read about this time Locke On Human
Understanding; and the Art of Thinking; by Messrs。 du Port Royal。
While I was intent on improving my language; I met with an English
grammar (I think it was Greenwood's); at the end of which there were two
little sketches of the arts of rhetoric and logic; the latter finishing with a
specimen of a dispute in the Socratic method; and soon after I procur'd
Xenophon's Memorable Things of Socrates; wherein there are many
instances of the same method。 I was charm'd with it; adopted it; dropt my
abrupt contradiction and positive argumentation; and put on the humble
inquirer and doubter。 And being then; from reading Shaftesbury and
Collins; become a real doubter in many points of our religious doctrine; I
found this method safest for myself and very embarrassing to those against
whom I used it; therefore I took a delight in it; practis'd it continually; and
grew very artful and expert in drawing people; even of superior knowledge;
into concessions; the consequences of which they did not foresee;
entangling them in difficulties out of which they could not extricate
themselves; and so obtaining victories that neither myself nor my cause
always deserved。 I continu'd this method some few years; but gradually
left it; retaining only the habit of expressing myself in terms of modest
diffidence; never using; when I advanced any thing that may possibly be
disputed; the words certainly; undoubtedly; or any others that give the air
of positiveness to an opinion; but rather say; I conceive or apprehend a
thing to be so and so; it appears to me; or I should think it so or so; for
such and such reasons; or I imagine it to be so; or it is so; if I am not
mistaken。 This habit; I believe; has been of great advantage to me when I
have had occasion to inculcate my opinions; and persuade men into
17
… Page 18…
THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
measures that I have been from time to time engag'd in promoting; and; as
the chief ends of conversation are to inform or to be informed; to please or
to persuade; I wish well…meaning; sensible men would not lessen their
power of doing good by a positive; assuming manner; that seldom fails to
disgust; tends to create opposition; and to defeat every one of those
purposes for which speech was given to us; to wit; giving or receiving
information or pleasure。 For; if you would inform; a positive and
dogmatical manner in advancing your sentiments may provoke
contradiction and prevent a candid attention。 If you wish information and
improvement from the knowledge of others; and yet at the same time
express yourself as firmly fix'd in your present opinions; modest; sensible
men; who do not love disputation; will probably leave you undisturbed in
the possession of your error。 And by such a manner; you can seldom hope
to recommend yourself in pleasing your hearers; or to persuade those
whose concurrence you desire。 Pope says; judiciously:
〃Men should be taught as if you taught them not; And things
unknown propos'd as things forgot;〃
farther recommending to us
〃To speak; tho' sure; with seeming diffidence。〃
And he might have coupled with this line that which he has coupled
with another; I think; less properly;
〃For want of modesty is want of sense。〃
If you ask; Why less properly? I must repeat the lines;
〃Immodest words admit of no defense; For want of mode