never　be　prevailed　upon　to　go　with　his　head　covered；　how　cold；　stormy；　or
  rainy　soever　the　weather　might　be；　which　also　is　reported　of　the　Emperor
  Severus。　　Herodotus　tells　us；　that　in　the　battles　fought　betwixt　the
  Egyptians　and　the　Persians；　it　was　observed　both　by　himself　and　by
  others；　that　of　those　who　were　left　dead　upon　the　field；　the　heads　of　the
  Egyptians　were　without　comparison　harder　than　those　of　the　Persians；　by
  reason　that　the　last　had　gone　with　their　heads　always　covered　from　their
  infancy；　first　with　biggins；　and　then　with　turbans；　and　the　others　always
  shaved　and　bare。　　King　Agesilaus　continued　to　a　decrepit　age　to　wear
  always　the　same　clothes　in　winter　that　he　did　in　summer。　　Caesar；　says
  Suetonius；　marched　always　at　the　head　of　his　army；　for　the　most　part　on
  foot；　with　his　head　bare；　whether　it　was　rain　or　sunshine；　and　as　much　is
  said　of　Hannibal：
  〃Tum　vertice　nudo；
  Excipere　insanos　imbres；　coelique　ruinam。〃
  ＇〃Bareheaded　he　marched　in　snow；　exposed　to　pouring　rain　and　the
  utmost　rigour　of　the　weather。〃Silius　Italicus；　i。　250。＇
  A　Venetian　who　has　long　lived　in　Pegu；　and　has　lately　returned　thence；
  writes　that　the　men　and　women　of　that　kingdom；　though　they　cover　all
  their　other　parts；　go　always　barefoot　and　ride　so　too；　and　Plato　very
  earnestly　advises　for　the　health　of　the　whole　body；　to　give　the　head　and
  the　feet　no　other　clothing　than　what　nature　has　bestowed。　　He　whom　the
  Poles　have　elected　for　their　king；＇Stephen　Bathory＇　since　ours　came
  thence；　who　is；　indeed；　one　of　the　greatest　princes　of　this　age；　never
  wears　any　gloves；　and　in　winter　or　whatever　weather　can　come；　never　wears
  other　cap　abroad　than　that　he　wears　at　home。　　Whereas　I　cannot　endure　to
  go　unbuttoned　or　untied；　my　neighbouring　labourers　would　think　themselves
  in　chains；　if　they　were　so　braced。　　Varro　is　of　opinion；　that　when　it　was
  ordained　we　should　be　bare　in　the　presence　of　the　gods　and　before　the
  magistrate；　it　was　so　ordered　rather　upon　the　score　of　health；　and　to
  inure　us　to　the　injuries　of　weather；　than　upon　the　account　of　reverence；
  and　since　we　are　now　talking　of　cold；　and　Frenchmen　used　to　wear　variety
  of　colours　（not　I　myself；　for　I　seldom　wear　other　than　black　or　white；　in
  imitation　of　my　father）；　let　us　add　another　story　out　of　Le　Capitaine
  Martin　du　Bellay；　who　affirms；　that　in　the　march　to　Luxembourg　he　saw　so
  great　frost；　that　the　munition…wine　was　cut　with　hatchets　and　wedges；　and
  delivered　out　to　the　soldiers　by　weight；　and　that　they　carried　it　away　in
  baskets：　and　Ovid；
  〃Nudaque　consistunt；　formam　servantia　testae；
  Vina；　nec　hausta　meri；　sed　data　frusta；　bibunt。〃
  ＇〃The　wine　when　out　of　the　cask　retains　the　form　of　the　cask；
  and　is　given　out　not　in　cups；　but　in　bits。〃
  Ovid；　Trist。；　iii。　10；　23。＇
  At　the　mouth　of　Lake　Maeotis　the　frosts　are　so　very　sharp；　that　in　the
  very　same　place　where　Mithridates'　lieutenant　had　fought　the　enemy
  dryfoot　and　given　them　a　notable　defeat；　the　summer　following　he　obtained
  over　them　a　naval　victory。　　The　Romans　fought　at　a　very　great
  disadvantage；　in　the　engagement　they　had　with　the　Carthaginians　near
  Piacenza；　by　reason　that　they　went　to　the　charge　with　their　blood
  congealed　and　their　limbs　numbed　with　cold；　whereas　Hannibal　had　caused
  great　fires　to　be　dispersed　quite　through　his　camp　to　warm　his　soldiers；
  and　oil　to　be　distributed　amongst　them；　to　the　end　that　anointing
  themselves；　they　might　render　their　nerves　more　supple　and　active；　and
  fortify　the　pores　against　the　violence　of　the　air　and　freezing　wind；
  which　raged　in　that　season。
  The　retreat　the　Greeks　made　from　Babylon　into　their　own　country　is　famous
  for　the　difficulties　and　calamities　they　had　to　overcome；　of　which　this
  was　one；　that　being　encountered　in　the　mountains　of　Armenia　with　a
  horrible　storm　of　snow；　they　lost　all　knowledge　of　the　country　and　of　the
  ways；　and　being　driven　up；　were　a　day　and　a　night　without　eating　or
  drinking；　most　of　their　cattle　died；　many　of　themselves　were　starved　to
  death；　several　struck　blind　with　the　force　of　the　hail　and　the　glare　of
  the　snow；　many　of　them　maimed　in　their　fingers　and　toes；　and　many　stiff
  and　motionless　with　the　extremity　of　the　cold；　who　had　yet　their
  understanding　entire。
  Alexander　saw　a　nation；　where　they　bury　their　fruit…trees　in　winter　to
  protect　them　from　being　destroyed　by　the　frost；　and　we　also　may　see　the
  same。
  But；　so　far　as　clothes　go；　the　King　of　Mexico　changed　four　times　a　day
  his　apparel；　and　never　put　it　on　again；　employing　that　he　left　off　in　his
  continual　liberalities　and　rewards；　and　neither　pot；　dish；　nor　other
  utensil　of　his　kitchen　or　table　was　ever　served　twice。
  CHAPTER　XXXVI
  OF　CATO　THE　YOUNGER
  ＇〃I　am　not　possessed　with　this　common　errour；　to　judge　of　others
  according　to　what　I　am　my　selfe。　　I　am　easie　to　beleeve　things
  differing　from　my　selfe。　　Though　I　be　engaged　to　one　forme；　I　do　not
  tie　the　world　unto　it；　as　every　man　doth。　　And　I　beleeve　and
  conceive　a　thousand　manners　of　life；　contrary　to　the　common　sorte。〃
  Florio；　ed。　1613；　p。　113。＇
  I　am　not　guilty　of　the　common　error　of　judging　another　by　myself。　　I
  easily　believe　that　in　another's　humour　which　is　contrary　to　my　own；　and
  though　I　find　myself　engaged　to　one　certain　form；　I　do　not　oblige　others
  to　it；　as　many　do；　but　believe　and　apprehend　a　thousand　ways　of　living；
  and；　contrary　to　most　men；　more　easily　admit　of　difference　than
  uniformity　amongst　us。　　I　as　frankly　as　any　one　would　have　me；　discharge
  a　man　from　my　humours　and　principles；　and　consider　him　according　to　his
  own　particular　model。　　Though　I　am　not　continent　myself；　I　nevertheless
  sincerely　approve　the　continence　of　the　Feuillans　and　Capuchins；　and
  highly　commend　their　way　of　living。　　I　insinuate　myself　by　imagination
  into　their　place；　and　love　and　honour　them　the　more　for　being　other　than
  I　am。　　I　very　much　desire　that　we　may　be　judged　every　man　by　himself；　and
  would　not　be　drawn　into　the　consequence　of　common　examples。　　My　own
  weakness　nothing　alters　the　esteem　I　ought　to　have　for　the　force　and
  vigour　of　those　who　deserve　it：
  〃Sunt　qui　nihil　suadent；　quam　quod　se　imitari　posse　confidunt。〃
  ＇〃There　are　who　persuade　nothing　but　what　they　believe　they　can
  imitate　themselves。〃Cicero；　De　Orator。；　c。　7。＇
  Crawling　upon　the　slime　of　the　earth；　I　do　not　for　all　that　cease　to
  observe　up　in　the　clouds　the　inimitable　height　of　some　heroic　souls。
  'Tis　a　great　deal　for　me　to　have　my　judgment　regular　and　just；　if　the
  effects　cannot　be　so；　and　to　maintain　this　sovereign　part；　at　least；　free
  from　corruption；　'tis　something　to　have　my　will　right　and　good　where　my
  legs　fail　me。　　This　age　wherein　we　live；　in　our　part　of　the　world　at
  least；　is　grown　so　stupid；　that　not　only　the　exercise；　but　the　very
  imagination　of　virtue　is　defective；　and　seems　to　be　no　other　but　college
  jargon：
  〃Virtutem　verba　putant；　ut
  Lucum　ligna：〃
  ＇〃They　think　words　virtue；　as　they　think　mere　wood　a　sacred　grove。〃
  Horace；　Ep。；　i。　6；　31。＇
  〃Quam　vereri　deberent；　etiam　si　percipere　non　possent。〃
  ＇〃Which　they　ought　to　reverence；　though　they　cannot　comprehend。〃
  Cicero；　Tusc。　Quas。；　v。　2。＇
  'Tis　a　gewgaw　to　hang　in　a　cabinet　or　at　the　end　of　the　tongue；　as　on　the
  tip　of　the　ear；　for　ornament　only。　　There　are　no　longer　virtuous　actions
  extant；　those　actions　that　carry　a　show　of　virtue　have　yet　nothing　of　its
  essence；　by　reason　that　profit；　glory；　fear；　custom；　and　other　suchlike
  foreign　causes；　put　us　on　the　way　to　produce　them。　　Our　justice　also；
  valour；　courtesy；　may　be　called　so　too；　in　respect　to　others　and
  according　to　the　face　they　appear　with　to　the　public；　but　in　the　doer　it
  can　by　no　means　be　virtue；　because　there　is　another　end　proposed；　another
  moving　cause。　　Now　virtue　owns　nothing　to　be　hers；　but　what　is　done　by
  herself　and　for　herself　alone。
  In　that　great　battle　of　Plataea；　that　the　Greeks　under　the　command　of
  Pausanias　gained　against　Mardonius　and　the　Persians；　the　conquerors；
  according　to　their　custom；　coming　to　divide　amongst　them　the　glory　of　the
  exploit；　attributed　to　the　Spartan　nation　the　pre…eminence　of　valour　in
  the　engagement。　　The　Spartans；　great　judges　of　virtue；　when　they　came　to
  determine　to　what　particular　man　of　their　nation　the　honour　was　due　of
  having　the　best　behaved　himself　upon　this　occasion；　found　that
  Aristodemus　had　of　all　others　hazarded　his　person　with　the　greatest
  bravery；　but　did　not；　however；　allow　him　any　prize；　by　reason　that　his
  virtue　had　been　incited　by　a　desire　to　clear　his　reputation　from　the
  reproach　of　his　miscarriage　at　the　business　of　Thermopylae；　and　to　die
  bravely　to　wipe　off　that　former　blemish。
  Our　judgments　are　yet　sick；　and　obey　the　humour　of　our　depraved　manners。
  I　observe　most　of　the　wits　of　these　times　pretend　to　ingenuity；　by
  endeavouring　to　blemish　and　darken　the　glory　of　the　bravest　and　most
  generous　actions　of　former　ages；　putting　one　vile　interpretation　or
  another　upon　them；　and　forging　and　supposing　vain　causes　and　motives　for
  the　noble　thing