administration　of　the　property；　funds；　and　lands　belonging　to　mosques；
  cemeteries；　Mussulman　schools；　and　other　religious　establishments
  existing　in　Cyprus。〃
  The　Turkish　law　courts　were　preserved　in　their　original　construction
  under　the　supervision　of　the　Commissioners　of　the　six　districts：
  Lefkosia；　Larnaca；　Famagousta；　Baffo；　Limasol；　Kyrenia。　These　courts　are
  the　Idari　and　Daavi；　the　Temiz　or　supreme　court　sitting　in　Lefkosia。　The
  Idari　and　Daavi　courts　exist　independently　in　each　district。　The　Cadi　is
  judge　in　the　Idari；　which　is　composed　of　three　Mussulmans　and　two
  Christians　elected　by　the　population；　and　this　court　is　specially
  presided　over　by　the　British　Commissioner；　and　all　cases　in　detail　are
  translated　and　entered　in　the　register。　The　Daavi　Medjlis　or　court
  consists　of　five　membersthe　Cadi；　two　Mussulmans；　and　two　Christians。
  An　appeal　from　the　decisions　of　these　courts　can　be　made　to　the　High
  Court　of　Temiz　at　Lefkosia；　the　decision　of　which　is　final；　only　subject
  to　the　influence　of　Clauses　XXII。　and　XXIII。　in　powers　granted　to　the
  High　Commissioner　by　Order　in　Council　of　14　September；　1878　：…
  〃XXII。　The　Highmissioner　may；　as　he　shall　see　occasion；　in　her
  Majesty's　name　and　on　her　behalf；　grant　to　any　offender　convicted　of　any
  crime；　in　any　court；　or　before　any　Judge；　Justice；　or　Magistrate　within
  the　said　island；　a　free　and　unconditional　pardon；　or　a　pardon　subject　to
  such　conditions　as　may　at　any　time　be　awfully　thereunto　annexed；　or　any
  respite　of　the　execution　of　the　sentence　of　any　such　offender　for　such
  period　as　to　him　may　seem　fit。〃
  〃XXIII。　The　High　Commissioner　may；　as　he　shall　see　occasion；　in　her
  Majesty's　name　and　on　her　behalf；　remit　any　fines；　penalties；　or
  forfeitures　which　may　accrue　or　become　payable　to　her；　provided　the　same
  do　not　exceed　the　sum　of　fifty　pounds　sterling　in　any　one　case；　and　may
  suspend　the　payment　of　any　such　fine；　penalty；　or　forfeiture　exceeding
  the　sum　of　fifty　pounds　until　her　Majesty's　pleasure　thereon　shall　be
  made　known　and　signified　to　him。〃
  MIGRATORY　BIRDS。
  The　birds　of　passage　that　visit　Cyprus　（excepting　swallows）；　exhibit　a
  peculiarity　in　their　insignificant　numbers　compared　with　their
  migrations　upon　the　mainlands　of　Asia；　Southern　Europe；　and　Africa。　The
  bustards　that　are　so　common　in　Turkey　and　Asia　Minor　are　seldom　seen。
  The　grey　crane　frequently　passes　over　Cyprus　without　resting　upon　its
  long　flight；　and　in　the　month　of　March　its　loud　cry　may　be　heard　so　far
  in　the　blue　sky　that　it　is　difficult　to　distinguish　the　flocks　of　these
  large　birds　at　the　stupendous　height　of　their　airy　road　towards　the
  north。　Even　should　the　cranes　condescend　to　rest　for　a　short　interval
  during　an　unfavourable　wind；　they　leave　on　the　first　opportunity。　I　have
  frequently　heard　them　high　in　air　travelling　throughout　the　nightthus
  during　night　and　day　they　have　been　sailing　northwards　to　make　the　most
  of　fair　wind　and　weather。
  The　sand…grouse　is　to　be　seen　occasionally　on　the　plains　of　Messaria；
  but　never　in　the　quantities　that　are　met　with　in　other　neighbouring
  countries。　Woodcocks　are　scarce；　and　those　which　are　shot　must　have
  halted　in　the　island　during　their　passage　en　route　for　other　shores。
  Snipe　are　very　numerous　in　the　marshes　of　Limasol　salt　lakes；　Morphu；
  Famagousta；　Kuklia；　and　Larnaca。　Quails　are　never　plentiful；　and　are
  inferior　in　condition　to　those　of　Egypt　and　Southern　Europe。　Wild　ducks
  are　to　be　seen　on　the　lake　near　Famagousta　and　at　Limasol。　The
  wood…pigeons；　and　doves；　together　with　fly…catchers；　arrive　in　April；
  but　never　in　large　numbers。
  Return　of　Villages；　Population；　etc。；　of　Famagousta　District。
  Villages　Churches　Mosques　Turks　Christians　Total
  Naleieh　of　Famasousta　　　　　　　9*　　　　　　20　　　　　　　6　　　　685　　　3；978　　　　4；663
  〃　　　　　　　Carpas　　　　　　　　　　36　　　　　　　46　　　　　　13　　3；470　　　7；168　　　10；638
  〃　　　　　　　Messaria　　　　　　　　68　　　　　　　66　　　　　　29　　4；861　　12；434　　　17；295
  113　　　　　　132　　　　　　48　　9；016　　23；580　　　32；596
  *　Includes　Famagousta　town。
  Piastres　　　　　L　　　s。　d。
  The　taxes　for　the　year　1878　amounted　to　　　1；370；221　=　11；418　10　4
  （This　being　paid　in　Coime　at　a　very
  variable　rate；　it　is　scarcely　correct
  to　reduce　the　amounts　to　sterling。）
  The　tithes　of　this　district　were　farmed
  out　in　1878　for　。。。　。。。　。。。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　25；000　　0　0
  Revenue　therefore　was　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　36；418　10　4
  The　taxes　for　the　year　1879　amount　to。。。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　10；379　　90
  This　does　not　include　indirect　taxes　such　as
  Customs；　say。。。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　1；000　　00
  11；379　　90
  It　is　impossible　to　calculate　the　tithes　yet　for　this　year　（1879）。　From
  Famagousta　the　chief　exports　are　corn；　from　Messaria；　donkeys；　fruit；
  and　pottery；　the　two　latter　chiefly　from　Varoshia。
  Cyprus：　Trooditissa　Monastery；
  4400　feet　above　the　sea
  21　September；　1879。
  Messrs。　Macmillan　&　Co。
  MY　DEAR　SIRS；
  If　I　am　in　time　to　secure　the　last　efforts　of　the　printer　perhaps　this
  letter　in　its　integrity　may　convey　the　information　which　the　autumnal
  season　has　afforded。　The　difficulty　of　all　writers　upon　strange
  countries　lies　in　their　short　experience。　Each　month　exhibits　the
  changes　of　nature　in　seasons；　meteorological　phenomena；　and　vegetation；
  thus　the　full　twelve　months　should　form　the　data　for　a　detailed
  description。　I　closed　my　account　of　Cyprus　in　August；　since　which　fruits
  have　ripened　and　various　changes　have　developedall　have　afforded
  information。
  Taxation　in　kind；　and　Government　valuation　of　produce　while　growing；　has
  been　a　crying　evil　that　I　have　endeavoured　to　bring　before　the　public　as
  one　of　those　instances　of　injustice　which　stamps　the　oppressive　system
  of　the　Turkish　administration；　this　unfortunately　has　not　yet　been
  abolished　by　the　British　Government。　I　have　already　described　the
  arbitrary　and　unjust　laws　that　fetter　the　all…important　wine　trade；
  which　is　the　principal　industry　of　Limasol；　but　since　I　forwarded　the
  manuscript　to　England　I　have　myself　witnessed　the　miserable　effects　of
  the　present　laws　during　the　advance　of　the　season　in　ripening　the
  produce　of　the　vineyards。
  Three　weeks　ago　I　walked　for　some　hours　through　the　boundless　extent　of
  grape　cultivation　at　the　foot　of　the　mountains　below　the　village　of
  Phyni；　at　that　time　the　crop　was　ripe；　and　should　have　been　gathered。
  The　bunches　of　dark　red　were　equal　to　the　finest　hot…house　grapes　of
  England；　both　in　weight　and　in　size　of　berries；　the　black　were　about　the
  average　of　the　Black　Hamburg；　the　white　were　smaller　and　about　the　size
  of　the　common　〃sweet…water。〃　A　day　or　two　ago　I　again　visited　the　same
  vineyards；　the　grapes　had　not　been　gathered；　and　I　computed　that　at
  least　one…third　of　the　crop　was　destroyed　by　the　delay。　The　magnificent
  bunches　of　dark　red　were　for　the　most　part　shrivelled；　one…half　the
  berries　upon　each　cluster　being　reduced　to　the　appearance　of　raisins；
  and　utterly　devoid　of　juice；　while　many　of　the　other　varieties　were
  completely　withered。　The　explanation　given　by　the　people　was　simple
  enough〃The　official　valuer　had　not　appeared；　and　without　his
  certificate　no　grapes　could　be　gathered。〃　There　are　only　three　valuers
  to　an　extensive　district；　and　it　is　physically　impossible　that　they　can
  perform　their　duties；　even　were　they　inclined　to　attend　when　summoned　to
  each　village；　in　the　absence　of　some　special　inducement。　The　actual
  labour　of　walking　up　the　abrupt　inclines　upon　the　mountain　sides　which
  constitute　the　vineyards　is　most　formidable；　and　at　least　four　times　the
  staff　is　necessary；　of　young　and　capable　men；　if　the　valuation　of　the
  crop　is　to　be　taken　with　due　consideration　to　the　interests　of　the
  grower。　The　distressing　result　that　I　have　myself　witnessed　in　the
  partial　destruction　of　the　crops　can　admit　of　no　excuse；　but　it　exhibits
  a　painful　example　of　mal…administration　in　the　ruin　attendant　upon　a
  Turkish　system　of　taxation。
  Some　persons　may　suggest　that　the　dried　and　withered　grapes　would　be
  saleable　as　raisins：　this　is　not　the　case。　Raisins　are　not　merely　dried
  grapes；　as　is　generally　supposed；　but　the　bunch　of　well…ripened　berries
  is　dipped　in　a　strong　solution　of　potash；　and　is　then　either　suspended
  or　is　more　generally　laid　upon　a　mat　to　dry。　In　Cyprus　the　growers
  seldom　purchase　potash；　but　they　dip　their　grapes　in　a　ley　produced　from
  the　ashes　of　certain　woods。
  The　vineyards　at　this　season　are　swarming　with　a　species　of　beccaficos；
  and　the　population　are　busy　in　catching　these　delicious　birds　with
  sticks　smeared　with　bird…lime。　It　is　a　species　of　finch；　a　little　larger
  than　the　chaffinch；　the　plumage　a　brownish　grey；　when　plucked　the　body
  is　much　larger　than　the　common　beccaficos；　but　resembles　it　in
  extraordinary　fatness　and　delicacy　of　flavour。　The　natives　preserve　them
  by　boiling　in　commanderia　wine；　and　they　are　highly　appreciated。　These
  must　be　added　to　the　migratory　birds　of　Cyprus。
  The　acorns　are　nearly　ripe；　and　I　am　assured　by　the　monks　that　even
  these　insignificant　productions　pay　a　tax　of　6d。　per　kilo　（about　32
  lbs。）；　and　the　crop　is　valued　ac