same　operation；　the　ditch　of　the　citadel　would　be　pumped　dry；　and　all
  communication　shut　off　from　the　sea；　which　now　produces　a　stagnant　and
  offensive　pool；　breeding　only　reeds；　mosquitoes；　and　malaria。
  We　now　arrive　at　the　most　formidable　origin　of　the　Famagousta　feverthe
  marshes　caused　by　the　overflow　of　the　Pedias　river。　The　description　that
  I　have　already　given　of　the　delta　formed　by　the　deposit　of　mud　during
  inundations；　and　the　total　absence　of　any　exit　for　the　waters　by　a
  natural　channel；　will　convey　to　the　minds　of　the　most　inexperienced　an
  extreme　cause　of　danger。　I　can　see　only　one　practicable　method　of
  surmounting　this　great　difficulty。　The　Pedias　river　must　be　conducted　to
  the　sea　through　an　artificial　channel；　and　it　must　（like　the　Rhone）　be
  confined　between　raised　banks　of　sufficient　height　to　prevent　any　chance
  of　overflow；　and　of　a　width　arranged　to　produce　a　rapid　current；　that
  will　scour　the　bed　and　carry　the　mud　to　deposit　far　beyond　the　shore。
  This　work　would　be　expensive；　but；　on　the　other　hand；　the　collateral
  advantages　would　be　great。　The　land；　which　is　now　almost　valueless；
  owing　to　the　uncertainty　of　inundations；　would　be　rendered　fruitful；　and
  by　an　arrangement　of　cattle…wheels　the　irrigation　could　always　be
  ensured；　as　the　water　exists　within　five　feet　of　the　present　surface。　At
  this　moment；　neither　drains　are　made；　nor　any　control　of　nature　is
  exercised　by　the　fever…stricken　population；　who　trust　entirely　to　the
  uncertain　chances　of　the　seasons。　We　have　an　example　in　the　original
  fens　of　Lincolnshire；　which；　by　a　system　of　drainage；　have　been　brought
  into　agricultural　value；　a　series　of　large　and　deep　open　ditches；　such
  as　are　seen　in　every　marsh　or　river…meadow　throughout　England；　would
  not　only　drain　the　surface　of　the　Famagousta　delta；　but　would　supply　the
  water；　to　be　raised　by　cattle…lifts　and　wind…pumps；　for　the　purposes　of
  irrigation。　There　is　much　work　for　the　agricultural　engineer；　but　if
  this　important　enterprise　is　seriously　commenced　the　future　results　will
  well　repay　the　outlay。
  Some　persons　have　attributed　the　cause　of　unhealthiness　to　the　existence
  of　the　trenches　made　by　the　Turks　during　the　siege　in　1571；　which　are
  considered　to　emit　malarious　exhalations。　I　do　not　think　so；　all　these
  low　levels；　surrounded　by　high　banks　which　protect　the　crops　from　wind；
  are　most　carefully　cultivated　with　beans；　cereals；　cotton；　and　garden
  produce；　and　I　do　not　believe　that　successful　gardens　are　malarious；　but
  only　those　localities　where　water　is　allowed　to　become　stagnant；　in
  which　case　cultivation　must　be　a　failure。　Many　of　these　rich　bottoms
  were　at　one　time　valuable　as　〃madder〃　grounds；　and　Consul　White　states
  that　in　1863　good　madder…root　land　at　Famagousta　was　worth　90　pounds　per
  acre。　It　may　not　be　generally　known　that　the　indelible　dye　called
  〃Turkey　red〃　was　formerly　produced　from　the　madder…root；　but　that　it　has
  been　entirely　superseded　by　the　chemical　invention　known　as　〃alizarine；〃
  which；　by　reducing　the　price　in　a　ruinous　degree；　has　driven　the
  vegetable　substance　out　of　the　market；　and　the　madder　is　no　longer
  cultivated。　This　chemical　discovery　has　lowered　the　rich；　deep；　sandy
  loams　of　Famagousta　and　of　Morphu　to　a　mere　average　agricultural　value；
  and　has　completely　destroyed　an　important　local　industry。
  The　madder…root　required　three　years　before　it　arrived　at　maturity。　From
  Consul　Riddell's　report　in　1872；　the　amount　of　madder　exported　reached
  330　tons；　of　which　250　tons　were　shipped　for　Great　Britain。　The　same
  authority　reports　in　1873；　〃The　falling…off；　however；　in　the　quantity
  sent　to　Great　Britain　is　remarkable；　being　only　230　cwts。　（11。5　tons）。〃
  This　disappearance　of　a　special　agricultural　industry　has　been　an
  enormous　loss　to　the　proprietors　of　the　madder…lands。
  The　fruit…orchards　and　gardens　of　Famagousta　are　the　finest　in　the
  island。　The　land　is　extremely　rich；　and　of　a　bright　chocolate　colour；
  but　the　trees　are；　as　usual　in　Cyprus；　planted　too　close　to　each　other；
  which　interferes　with　the　necessary　light　and　circulation　of　air。　These
  gardens　commence　just　outside　the　walls；　and；　running　parallel　with　the
  sea　below　the　large　village　of　Varoschia；　extend　for　about　two　miles
  along　the　shore。　Oranges；　lemons；　pomegranates；　apricots；　figs；　prickly
  pears　and　mulberry…trees；　are　the　chief　products；　and　it　was　here　that
  we　obtained　the　largest　and　best　oranges　that　I　had　tasted　in　the
  island；　generally　this　fruit　is　much　inferior　to　the　varieties　imported
  into　England。　The　pomegranates　of　Cyprus　are　very　celebrated；　and　are
  exported　to　Egypt；　but　it　is　a　fruit　that　is　not　generally　appreciated
  by　Europeans。　There　are　extensive　gardens　inland；　but　they　do　not　convey
  the　idea　of　〃gardens〃　as　understood　by　Englishmen；　but　are　merely　dense
  groves　of　various　fruit…trees；　irrigated　by　a　cattle…wheel；　and　planted
  with　an　utter　disregard　of　all　taste　or　arrangement。
  The　large　village；　or　town　of　Varoschia　is　an　important　adjunct　to
  Famagousta；　from　which　it　is　hardly　separated。　It　was　originally　founded
  by　the　Venetian　Christians；　who　were　expelled　from　Famagousta　after　the
  Turkish　conquest。　There　is　a　large　Greek　Church；　extensive　bazaars；　and
  several　manufactures　of　pottery；　for　which　the　locality　is　celebrated。
  We　saw　a　vessel　loading　in　the　harbour　entirely　with　thesejars；
  water…bottles；　dishes；　&c。but　the　earthen…ware　is　of　a　coarse
  description；　and　the　quality　of　the　clay　does　not　admit　of　sufficient
  porosity　for　the　purpose　of　cooling　water　or　of　filtering；　like　the
  Egyptian　ware；　at　the　same　time　it　is　not　sufficiently　impervious　for
  the　retention　of　wine　or　oil　without　a　considerable　loss　by　absorption。
  Varoschia　has　been　always　celebrated　for　a　large　production　of　a　high
  quality　of　silk；　but　the　quantity　has　fallen　off；　as　in　all　other　parts
  of　the　island。　There　are　some　good　houses　in　this　thriving　and　busy
  little　town；　and　it　is　said　that　decent　accommodation　may　be　had；　but　I
  preferred　the　cleanliness　and　independence　of　our　own　tent。
  Varoschia　is　not　much　healthier　than　Famagousta；　as　it　suffers　from　the
  same　cause；　in　addition　to　an　enormous　accumulation　of　filth　on　the
  heights　at　the　rear　of　the　town。　If　this　were　carefully　stored　to　manure
  the　numerous　gardens；　it　would　be　profitably　utilised；　but　it　belongs　to
  nobody　in　particular；　and　is　a　public　nuisance。　A　fine　should　be
  inflicted　upon　the　municipal　authorities　in　the　sanitary　interests　of
  the　population；　and　the　refuse　of　the　neighbourhood　should　be
  periodically　collected　into　heaps　and　burned。　Captain　Inglis　and　the
  various　British　officials　moved　their　quarters　from　Famagousta　to　the
  healthy　village　of　Derinia；　about　three　miles　distant；　during　our　stay
  near　Varoschia。　The　new　station　is　to　the　south…west　of　the　port；　and
  completely　beyond　the　influence　of　the　marshes；　the　elevation　being
  about　250　feet　above　the　sea。　Should　this　locality　become　a　permanently
  healthy　settlement；　the　sanitary　difficulty　of　our　position　will　be
  considerably　modified；　as　the　troops　might　be　quartered　at　Derinia　in
  time　of　peace；　and　even　during　war　they　would　be　immediately　within
  call。
  A　lake　exists　about　three　miles　inland　from　Famagousta；　which　is　between
  four　and　five　miles　in　circumference；　the　water　is　fresh；　but
  exceedingly　shallow　and　impure；　the　edges　covered　with　high　reeds；　which
  extend　for　several　hundred　yards　from　the　shore。　This　lake　swarms　with
  varieties　of　water…fowl；　which　can　only　be　shot　by　wading　and　waiting
  concealed　in　the　high　cover　of　rushes　and　tamarisk；　as　they　are
  exceedingly　wary。　Commander　Hammond；　of　H。M。S。　Torch；　bagged　thirty…five
  ducks　to　his　own　gun　upon　one　occasion；　by　thus　challenging　the　fever
  and　remaining　hip…deep　in　the　muddy　water　for　some　hours。　I　did　not　feel
  disposed　to　risk　the　chances　of　malaria；　as　the　effluvium　from　the　mud
  was　sufficiently　offensive　even　when　walking　round　the　margin；　and　I
  already　felt　some　warning　symptoms　of　the　heavy　atmosphere　of
  Famagousta；　which　might；　if　neglected；　have　terminated　in　ague。　I　shot　a
  fine　specimen　of　the　glossy　ibis；　and　I　otherwise　contented　myself　with
  watching　the　variety　of　ducks；　coots；　teal；　and　other　water…fowl　through
  my　glass；　as　they　enjoyed　themselves　in　flocks　upon　the　surface　of　the
  lake　at　a　great　distance。
  Having　exhausted　the　sights　of　Famagousta；　we　started　on　the　22nd　of
  March　for　Kuklia；　twelve　miles　distant；　where　we　had　left　our　vans　in
  charge　of　the　headman　during　our　absence　in　the　Carpas　country。　Upon　our
  arrival　we　found　them　untouched　or　unharmed；　and　we　were　met　not　only　by
  the　headman　himself；　but　by　our　two　bullock…drivers　Georgi　and　Theodori；
  who　had　come　from　Lithrankomi。　Georgi　had　recovered　from　the　despair
  which　had　overpowered　him　when　we　last　parted；　and　he　was　almost
  triumphant　when　he　related　the　success　of　his　mission　to　Gallibornu　with
  the　mysterious　paper　written　in　English；　that　I　had　given　him　in　order
  to　terrify　the　purchaser　of　his　bullock。　He　had　exhibited　this
  awe…inspiring　epistle；　which　nobody　could　either　read　or　understand；　and
  Georgi　had　taken　advantage　of　his　opportunity　to　threaten　the　sharp
  cattle…dealer　with　a　long　list　of　imaginary　punishments　that　woul