the　Socialist　minority　in　France　until　I　got　the　question　out　of
  the　net　of　national　comparisons　and　upon　a　broader　footing。　　In
  several　conversations　we　began　to　work　out　in　general　terms　the
  psychology　of　those　people　who　were　against　the　war。　　But　usually
  we　could　not　get　to　that；　my　interlocutors　would　insist　upon
  telling　me　just　what　they　would　like　to　do　or　just　what　they
  would　like　to　see　done　to　stop…the…war　pacifists　and
  conscientious　objectors；　pleasant　rather　than　fruitful
  imaginative　exercises　from　which　I　could　effect　no　more　than
  platitudinous　uplifts。
  But　the　general　drift　of　such　talks　as　did　seem　to　penetrate　the
  question　was　this；　that　among　these　stop…the…war　people　there　are
  really　three　types。　　First　there　is　a　type　of　person　who　hates
  violence　and　the　infliction　of　pain　under　any　circumstances；　and
  who　have　a　mystical　belief　in　the　rightness　（and　usually　the
  efficacy）　of　non…resistance。　　These　are　generally　Christians；　and
  then　their　cardinal　text　is　the　instruction　to　〃turn　the　other
  cheek。〃　　Often　they　are　Quakers。　　If　they　are　consistent　they　are
  vegetarians　and　wear　/Lederlos/　boots。　　They　do　not　desire
  police　protection　for　their　goods。　　They　stand　aloof　from　all　the
  force　and　conflict　of　life。　　They　have　always　done　so。　　This　is
  an　understandable　and　respectable　type。　　It　has　numerous　Hindu
  equivalents。　　It　is　a　type　that　finds　little　difficulty　about
  exemptionsprovided　the　individual　has　not　been　too　recently
  converted　to　his　present　habits。　　But　it　is　not　the　prevalent
  type　in　stop…the…war　circles。　　Such　genuine　ascetics　do　not
  number　more　than　a　thousand　or　so；　all　three　of　our　western
  allied　countries。　　The　mass　of　the　stop…the…war　people　is　made　up
  quite　other　elements。
  2
  In　the　complex　structure　of　the　modern　community　there　are　two
  groups　or　strata　or　pockets　in　which　the　impulse　of　social
  obligation；　the　gregarious　sense　of　a　common　welfare；　is　at　its
  lowest；　one　of　these　is　the　class　of　the　Resentful　Employee；　the
  class　of　people　who；　without　explanation；　adequate　preparation　or
  any　chance；　have　been　shoved　at　an　early　age　into　uncongenial
  work　and　never　given　a　chance　to　escape；　and　the　other　is　the
  class　of　people　with　small　fixed　incomes　or　with　small　salaries
  earnt　by　routine　work；　or　half　independent　people　practising　some
  minor　artistic　or　literary　craft；　who　have　led　uneventful；
  irresponsible　lives　from　their　youth　up；　and　never　came　at　any
  point　into　relations　of　service　to　the　state。　　This　latter　class
  was　more　difficult　to　define　than　the　formerbecause　it　is　more
  various　within　itself。　　My　French　friends　wanted　to　talk　of　the
  〃Psychology　of　the　Rentier。〃　　I　was　for　such　untranslatable
  phrases　as　the　〃Genteel　Whig；〃　or　the　〃Donnish　Liberal。〃　　But　I
  lit　up　an　Italianhe　is　a　Milanese　manufacturerwith　〃these
  Florentine　English　who　would　keep　Italy　in　a　glass　case。〃　　〃I
  know；〃　he　said。　　Before　I　go　on　to　expand　this　congenial　theme；
  let　me　deal　first　with　the　Resentful　Employee；　who　is　a　much　more
  considerable；　and　to　me　a　much　more　sympathetic；　figure　in
  European　affairs。　　I　began　life　myself　as　a　Resentful　Employee。
  By　the　extremest　good　luck　I　have　got　my　mind　and　spirit　out　of
  the　distortions　of　that　cramping　beginning；　but　I　can　still
  recall　even　the　anger　of　those　old　days。
  He　becomes　an　employee　between　thirteen　and　fifteen；　he　is　made
  to　do　work　he　does　not　like　for　no　other　purpose　that　he　can　see
  except　the　profit　and　glory　of　a　fortunate　person　called　his
  employer；　behind　whom　stand　church　and　state　blessing　and
  upholding　the　relationship。　　He　is　not　allowed　to　feel　that　he
  has　any　share　whatever　in　the　employer's　business；　or　that　any
  end　is　served　but　the　employer's　profit。　　He　cannot　see　that　the
  employer　acknowledges　any　duty　to　the　state。　　Neither　church　nor
  state　seems　to　insist　that　the　employer　has　any　public　function。
  At　no　point　does　the　employee　come　into　a　clear　relationship　of
  mutual　obligation　with　the　state。　　There　does　not　seem　to　be　any
  way　out　for　the　employee　from　a　life　spent　in　this　subordinate；
  toilsome　relationship。　　He　feels　put　upon　and　cheated　out　of
  life。　　He　is　without　honour。　　If　he　is　a　person　of　ability　or
  stubborn　temper　he　struggles　out　of　his　position；　if　he　is　a
  kindly　and　generous　person　he　blames　his　〃luck〃　and　does　his　work
  and　lives　his　life　as　cheerfully　as　possibleand　so　live　the
  bulk　of　our　amazing　European　workers；　if　he　is　a　being　of　great
  magnanimity　he　is　content　to　serve　for　the　ultimate　good　of　the
  race；　if　he　has　imagination；　he　says；　〃Things　will　not　always　be
  like　this；〃　and　becomes　a　socialist　or　a　guild　socialist；　and
  tries　to　educate　the　employer　to　a　sense　of　reciprocal　duty；　but
  if　he　is　too　human　for　any　of　these　things；　then　he　begins　to
  despise　and　hate　the　employer　and　the　system　that　made　him。　　He
  wants　to　hurt　them。　　Upon　that　hate　it　is　easy　to　trade。
  A　certain　section　of　what　is　called　the　Socialist　press　and　the
  Socialist　literature　in　Europe　is　no　doubt　great…minded；　it　seeks
  to　carve　a　better　world　out　of　the　present。　　But　much　of　it　is
  socialist　only　in　name。　　Its　spirit　is　Anarchistic。　　Its　real
  burthen　is　not　construction　but　grievance；　it　tells　the　bitter
  tale　of　the　employee；　it　feeds　and　organises　his　malice；　it
  schemes　annoyance　and　injury　for　the　hated　employer。　　The　state
  and　the　order　of　the　world　is　confounded　with　the　capitalist。
  Before　the　war　the　popular　so…called　socialist　press　reeked　with
  the　cant　of　rebellion；　the　cant　of　any　sort　of　rebellion。　　〃I'm　a
  rebel；〃　was　the　silly　boast　of　the　young　disciple。　　〃Spoil
  something；　set　fire　to　something；〃　was　held　to　be　the　proper　text
  for　any　girl　or　lad　of　spirit。　　And　this　blind　discontent　carried
  on　into　the　war。　　While　on　the　one　hand　a　great　rush　of　men
  poured　into　the　army　saying；　〃Thank　God！　　we　can　serve　our
  country　at　last　instead　of　some　beastly　profiteer；〃　a　sourer
  remnant；　blind　to　the　greater　issues　of　the　war；　clung　to　the
  reasonless　proposition；　〃the　state　is　only　for　the　Capitalist。
  This　war　is　got　up　by　Capitalists。　　Whatever　has　to　be　done
  /we　are　rebels。/〃
  Such　a　typical　paper　as　the　British　/Labour　Leader/；　for
  example；　may　be　read　in　vain；　number　after　number；　for　any　sound
  and　sincere　constructive　proposal。　　It　is　a　prolonged　scream　of
  extreme　individualism；　a　monotonous　repetition　of　incoherent
  discontent　with　authority；　with　direction；　with　union；　with　the
  European　effort。　　It　wants　to　do　nothing。　　It　just　wants　effort
  to　stopeven　at　the　price　of　German　victory。　　If　the　whole
  fabric　of　society　in　western　Europe　were　to　be　handed　over　to
  those　pseudo…socialists　to…morrow；　to　be　administered　for　the
  common　good；　they　would　fly　the　task　in　terror。　　They　would　make
  excuses　and　refuse　the　undertaking。　　They　do　not　want　the　world
  to　go　right。　　The　very　idea　of　the　world　going　right　does　not
  exist　in　their　minds。　　They　are　embodied　discontent　and　hatred；
  making　trouble；　and　that　is　all　they　are。　　They　want　to　be
  〃rebels〃to　be　admired　as　〃rebels〃。
  That　is　the　true　psychology　of　the　Resentful　Employee。　　He　is　a
  de…socialised　man。　　His　sense　of　the　State　has　been　destroyed。
  The　Resentful　Employees　are　the　outcome　of　our　social　injustices。
  They　are　the　failures　of　our　social　ad　educational　systems。　　We
  may　regret　their　pitiful　degradation；　we　may　exonerate　them　from
  blame；　none　the　less　they　are　a　pitiful　crew。　　I　have　seen　the
  hardship　of　the　trenches；　the　gay　and　gallant　wounded。　　I　do　a
  little　understand　what　our　soldiers；　officers　and　men　alike；　have
  endured　and　done。　　And　though　I　know　I　ought　to　allow　for　all
  that　I　have　stated；　I　cannot　regard　these　conscientious　objectors
  with　anything　but　contempt。　　Into　my　house　there　pours　a　dismal
  literature　rehearsing　the　hardships　of　these　men　who　set
  themselves　up　to　be　martyrs　for　liberty；　So　and　So；　brave　hero；
  has　been　sworn　atpositively　sworn　at　by　a　corporal；　a　nasty
  rough　man　came　into　the　cell　of　So　and　So　and　dropped　several
  h's；　So　and　So；　refusing　to　undress　and　wash；　has　been　undressed
  and　washed；　and　soap　was　rubbed　into　his　eyesperhaps　purposely；
  the　food　and　accommodation　are　not　of　the　best　class；　the　doctors
  in　attendance　seem　hasty；　So　and　So　was　put　into　a　damp　bed　and
  has　got　a　nasty　cold。　　Then　I　recall　a　jolly　vanload　of　wounded
  men　I　saw　out　there。。。。
  But　after　all；　we　must　be　just。　　A　church　and　state　that
  permitted　these　people　to　be　thrust　into　dreary　employment　in
  their　early　'teens；　without　hope　or　pride；　deserves　such　citizens
  as　these。　　The　marvel　is　that　there　are　so　few。　　There　are　a　poor
  thousand　or　so　of　these　hopeless；　resentment…poisoned　creatures
  in　Great　Britain。　　Against　five　willing　millions。　　The　Allied
  countries；　I　submit；　have　not　got　nearly　all　the　conscientious
  objectors　they　deserve。
  3
  If　the　Resentful　Employee　provides　the　emotional　impulse　of　the
  resisting　pacifist；　whose　horizon　is　bounded　by　his　one
  passionate　desire　that　the　particular　social　system　that　has
  treated　him　so　ill　should　collapse　and　give　in；　and　its　leaders
  and　rulers　be　humiliated　and　destroyed；　the　intellectual
  direction　of　a　mischievous　pacifism　comes　from　an　entirely
  different　class。
  The　Genteel　Whig；　though