were　known　to　have　leanings　away　from　surplices　and　genuflections　and　to
  hold　that　Archbishop　Laud　was　some　kin　to　the　Pope。　In　1642；　to　reenforce
  these　ministers；　came　three　more　from　New　England；　actively　averse　to
  conformity。　But　Governor　and　Council　and　the　majority　of　the　Burgesses　will
  have　none　of　that。　The　Assembly　of　1643　takes　sharp　action。
  For　the　preservation　of　the　puritie　of　doctrine　and　unitie　of　the　church；
  IT　IS　ENACTED　that　all　ministers　whatsoever　which　shall　reside　in　the
  collony　are　to　be　conformable　to　the　orders　and　constitutions　of　the　church
  of　England；　and　the　laws　therein　established；　and　not　otherwise　to　be
  admitted　to　teach　or　preach　publickly　or　privately。　And　that　the　Gov。　and
  Counsel　do　take　care　that　all　nonconformists　upon　notice　of　them　shall　be
  compelled　to　depart　the　collony　with　all　conveniencie。　And　so　in
  consequence　out　of　Virginia；　to　New　England　where　Independents　were
  welcome；　or　to　Maryland　where　any　Christian　might　dwell；　went　these　tainted
  ministers。　But　there　stayed　behind　Puritan　and　nonconforming　minds　in　the
  bodies　of　many　parishioners。　They　must　hold　their　tongues；　indeed；　and
  outwardly　conformbut　they　watched　lynx…eyed　for　their　opportunity　and　a
  more　favorable　fortune。
  Having　launched　thunderbolts　against　schismatics　of　this　sort；　Berkeley；
  himself　active　and　powerful；　with　the　Council　almost　wholly　of　his　party
  and　the　House　of　Burgesses　dominantly　so；　turned　his　attention　to　〃popish
  recusants。〃　Of　these　there　were　few　or　none　dwelling　in　Virginia。　Let　them
  then　not　attempt　to　come　from　Maryland！　The　rulers　of　the　colony　legislated
  with　vigor：　papists　may　not　hold　any　public　place；　all　statutes　against
  them　shall　be　duly　executed；　popish　priests　by　chance　or　intent　arriving
  within　the　bounds　of　Virginia　shall　be　given　five　days'　warning；　and；　if　at
  the　end　of　this　time　they　are　yet　upon　Virginian　soil；　action　shall　be
  brought　against　them。　Berkeley　sweeps　with　an　impatient　broom。
  The　Kingdom　is　cared　for　not　less　than　the　Church　in　Virginia。　Any　and　all
  persons　coming　into　the　colony　by　land　and　by　sea　shall　have　administered
  to　them　the　Oath　of　Supremacy　and　llegiance。　〃Which　if　any　shall　refuse　to
  take；〃　the　commander　of　the　fort　at　Point　Comfort　shall　〃committ　him　or
  them　to　prison。〃　Foreigners　in　birth　and　tongue；　foreigners　in　thought；
  must　have　found　the　place　and　time　narrow　indeed。
  On　the　eve　of　civil　war　there　arose　on　the　part　of　some　in　England　a
  project　to　revive　and　restore　the　old　Virginia　Company　by　procuring　from
  Charles；　now　deep　in　troubles　of　his　own；　a　renewal　of　the　old　letters
  patent　and　the　transference　of　the　direct　government　of　the　colony　into　the
  hands　of　a　reorganized　and　vast　corporation。　Virginia；　which　a　score　of
  years　before　had　defended　the　Company；　now　protested　vigorously；　and；　with
  regard　to　the　long　view　of　things；　it　may　be　thought　wisely。　The　project
  died　a　natural　death。　The　petition　sent　from　Virginia　shows　plainly　enough
  the　pen　of　Berkeley。　There　are　a　multitude　of　reasons　why　Virginia　should
  not　pass　from　King　to　Company；　among　which　these　are　worthy　of　note：　〃We
  may　not　admit　of　so　unnatural　a　distance　as　a　Company　will　interpose
  between　his　sacred　majesty　and　us　his　subjects　from　whose　immediate
  protection　we　have　received　so　many　royal　favours　and　gracious　blessings。
  For；　by　such　admissions；　we　shall　degenerate　from　the　condition　of　our
  birth；　being　naturalized　under　a　monarchical　government　and　not　a　popular
  and　tumultuary　government　depending　upon　the　greatest　number　of　votes　of
  persons　of　several　humours　and　dispositions。〃
  When　this　paper　reached　England；　it　came　to　a　country　at　civil　war。　The
  Long　Parliament　was　in　session。　Stafford　had　been　beheaded；　the　Star
  Chamber　swept　away；　the　Grand　Remonstrance　presented。　On　Edgehill　bloomed
  flowers　that　would　soon　be　trampled　by　Rupert's　cavalry。　In　Virginia　the
  Assembly　took　notice　of　these　〃unkind　differences　now　in　England；〃　and
  provided　by　tithing　for　the　Governor's　pension　and　allowance；　which　were
  for　the　present　suspended　and　endangered　by　the　troubles　at　home。　That　the
  forces　banded　against　the　Lord's　anointed　would　prove　victorious　must　at
  this　time　have　appeared　preposterously　unlikely　to　the　fiery　Governor　and
  the　ultra…loyal　Virginia　whom　he　led。　The　Puritans　and　Independents　in
  Virginiaestimated　a　little　earlier　at　〃a　thousand　strong〃　and　now；　for
  all　the　acts　against　them；　probably　stronger　yetwere　to　be　found　chiefly
  in　the　parishes　of　Isle　of　Wight　and　Nansemond；　but　had　representatives
  from　the　Falls　to　the　Eastern　Shore。　What　these　Virginians　thought　of　the
  〃unkind　differences〃　does　not　appear　in　the　record；　but　probably　there　was
  thought　enough　and　secret　hopes。
  In　1644；　the　year　of　Marston　Moor；　Virginia；　too；　saw　battle　and　sudden　and
  bloody　death。　That　Opechancanough　who　had　succeeded　Powhatan　was　now　one
  hundred　years　old；　hardly　able　to　walk　or　to　see；　dwelling　harmlessly　in　a
  village　upon　the　upper　Pamunkey。　All　the　Indians　were　broken　and　dispersed；
  serious　danger　was　not　to　be　thought　of。　Then；　of　a　sudden；　the　flame
  leaped　again。　There　fell　from　the　blue　sky　a　massacre　directed　against　the
  outlying　plantations。　Three　hundred　men；　women；　and　children　were　killed　by
  the　Indians。　With　fury　the　white　men　attacked　in　return。　They　sent　bodies
  of　horse　into　the　untouched　western　forests。　They　chased　and　slew　without
  mercy。　In　1646　Opechancanough；　brought　a　prisoner　to　Jamestown；　ended　his
  long　tale　of　years　by　a　shot　from　one　of　his　keepers。　The　Indians　were
  beaten；　and；　lacking　such　another　leader；　made　no　more　organized　and
  general　attacks。　But　for　long　years　a　kind　of　border　warfare　still　went　on。
  Even　Maryland；　tolerant　and　just　as　was　the　Calvert　policy；　did　not
  altogether　escape　Indian　troubles。　She　had　to　contend　with　no　such　able
  chief　as　Opechancanough；　and　she　suffered　no　sweeping　massacres。　But　after
  the　first　idyllic　year　or　so　there　set　in　a　small；　constant　friction。　So
  fast　did　the　Maryland　colonists　arrive　that　soon　there　was　pressure　of
  population　beyond　those　first　purchased　bounds。　The　more　thoughtful　among
  the　Indians　may　well　have　taken　alarm　lest　their　villages　and
  hunting…grounds　might　not　endure　these　inroads。　Ere　long　the　English　in
  Maryland　were　placing　〃centinells〃　over　fields　where　men　worked；　and
  providing　penalties　for　those　who　sold　the　savages　firearms。　But　at　no　time
  did　young　Maryland　suffer　the　Indian　woes　that　had　vexed　young　Virginia。
  Nor　did　Maryland　escape　the　clash　of　interests　which　beset　the　beginnings
  of　representative　assemblies　in　all　proprietary　provinces。　The　second；　like
  the　first；　Lord　Baltimore；　was　a　believer　in　kings　and　aristocracies；　in　a
  natural　division　of　human　society　into　masters　and　men。　His　effort　was　to
  plant　intact　in　Maryland　a　feudal　order。　He　would　be　Palatine；　the　King　his
  suzerain。　In　Maryland　the　great　planters；　in　effect　his　barons；　should　live
  upon　estates；　manorial　in　size　and　with　manorial　rights。　The　laboring　men
  the　impecunious　adventurers　whom　these　greater　adventurers　brought　out
  would　form　a　tenantry；　the　Lord　Proprietary's　men's　men。　It　is　true　that；
  according　to　charter；　provision　was　made　for　an　Assembly。　Here　were　to　sit
  〃freemen　of　the　province；〃　that　is　to　say；　all　white　males　who　were　not　in
  the　position　of　indentured　servants。　But　with　the　Proprietary；　and　not　with
  the　Assembly；　would　rest　primarily　the　lawmaking　power。　The　Lord
  Proprietary　would　propose　legislation；　and　the　freemen　of　the　country　would
  debate；　in　a　measure　advise；　represent；　act　as　consultants；　and　finally
  confirm。　Baltimore　was　prepared　to　be　a　benevolent　lord；　wise；　fatherly。
  In　1635　met　the　first　Assembly；　Leonard　Calvert　and　his　Council　sitting
  with　the　burgesses；　and　this　gathering　of　freemen　proceeded　to　inaugurate
  legislation。　There　was　passed　a　string　of　enactments　which　presumably　dealt
  with　immediate　wants　at　St。　Mary's；　and　which；　the　Assembly　recognized；
  must　have　the　Lord　Proprietary's　as　assent。　A　copy　was　therefore　sent　by
  the　first　ship　to　leave。　So　long　were　the　voyages　and　so　slow　the　procedure
  in　England　that　it　was　1637　before　Baltimore's　veto　upon　the　Assembly's
  laws　reached　Maryland。　It　would　seem　that　he　did　not　disapprove　so　much　of
  the　laws　themselves　as　of　the　bold　initiative　of　the　Assembly；　for　he　at
  once　sent　over　twelve　bills　of　his　own　drafting。　Leonard　Calvert　was
  instructed　to　bring　all　freemen　together　in　Assembly　and　present　for　their
  acceptance　the　substituted　legislation。
  Early　in　1638　this　Maryland　Assembly　met。　The　Governor　put　before　it　for
  adoption　the　Proprietary's　laws。　The　vote　was　taken。　Governor　and　some
  others　were　for；　the　remainder　of　the　Assembly　unanimously　against；　the
  proposed　legislation。　There　followed　a　year　or　two　of　struggle　over　this
  question；　but　in　the　end　the　Proprietary　in　effect　acknowledged　defeat。　The
  colonists；　through　their　Assembly；　might　thereafter　propose　laws　to　meet
  their　exigencies；　and　Governor　Calvert；　acting　for　his　brother；　should
  approve　or　veto　according　to　need。
  When　civil　war　between　King　and　Parliament　broke　out　in　England；　sentiment
  in　Maryland　as　in　Virginia　inclined　toward　the　King。　But　tha