第 21 节
作者:交通工具类:沧海一叶舟      更新:2021-12-07 09:33      字数:9322
  A Theologico…Political Treatise
  instructing the Jews as at keeping them under constraint。 (16) But let us
  return to our subject; and cite other passages of Scripture which set forth
  temporal      benefits   as   rewards    for   observing     the  ceremonial      law;  and
  blessedness as reward for the universal law。
  (17) None of the prophets puts the point more clearly than Isaiah。 (18。)
  After   condemning   hypocrisy   he   commends   liberty   and   charity   towards
  one's self and one's neighbours; and promises as a reward: 〃Then shall thy
  light break forth as the morning; and thy health shall spring forth speedily;
  thy righteousness shall go before thee; and the glory of the Lord shall be
  thy    reward〃    (chap。   lviii:8)。  (19)   Shortly   afterwards     he  commends       the
  Sabbath; and for a due observance of it; promises: 〃Then shalt thou delight
  thyself in the Lord; and I will cause thee to ride upon the high places of
  the earth; and feed thee with the heritage of Jacob thy father: for the mouth
  of the Lord has spoken it。〃 (20) Thus the prophet for liberty bestowed; and
  charitable works; promises a healthy mind in a healthy body; and the glory
  of the Lord even after death; whereas; for ceremonial exactitude; he only
  promises security of rule; prosperity; and temporal happiness。
  (21) In   Psalms   xv。  and xxiv。  no mention   is   made   of   ceremonies;  but
  only of moral doctrines; inasmuch as there is no question of anything but
  blessedness; and blessedness is symbolically promised: it is quite certain
  that   the   expressions;   〃the   hill   of   God;〃   and   〃His   tents   and   the   dwellers
  therein;〃 refer to blessedness and security of soul; not to the actual mount
  of Jerusalem and the tabernacle of Moses; for these latter were not dwelt
  in by anyone; and only the sons of Levi ministered there。 (22) Further; all
  those sentences of Solomon to which I referred in the last chapter; for the
  cultivation of the intellect   and wisdom; promise  true blessedness; for  by
  wisdom is the fear of God at length understood; and the knowledge of God
  found。
  (23)    That   the   Jews   themselves      were    not  bound     to  practise   their
  ceremonial observances after the destruction of their kingdom is evident
  from     Jeremiah。    (24)   For   when    the  prophet    saw    and   foretold   that  the
  desolation of the city was at hand; he said that God only delights in those
  who   know   and   understand   that   He   exercises   loving…kindness;   judgment;
  and righteousness in the earth; and that such persons only are worthy of
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  praise。 (Jer。 ix:23。) (25) As though God had said that; after the desolation
  of   the   city;   He   would   require   nothing   special   from  the   Jews   beyond   the
  natural law by which all men are bound。
  (26)    The   New     Testament     also  confirms     this  view;   for   only   moral
  doctrines are therein taught; and the kingdom of heaven is promised as a
  reward;     whereas     ceremonial      observances      are   not  touched     on   by   the
  Apostles; after they began to preach the Gospel to the Gentiles。 (27) The
  Pharisees certainly continued to practise these rites after the destruction of
  the   kingdom;   but   more   with   a   view   of   opposing   the   Christians   than   of
  pleasing God: for after the first destruction of the city; when they were led
  captive to Babylon; not being then; so far as I am aware; split up into sects;
  they   straightway   neglected   their   rites;   bid   farewell   to   the   Mosaic   law;
  buried their national customs in oblivion as being plainly superfluous; and
  began to mingle with other nations; as we may abundantly learn from Ezra
  and Nehemiah。 (28) We cannot; therefore; doubt that they were no more
  bound by the law of Moses; after the destruction of their kingdom; than
  they had been before it had been begun; while they were still living among
  other    peoples    before    the  exodus    from   Egypt;     and   were   subject    to  no
  special law beyond the natural law; and also; doubtless; the law of the state
  in which they were living; in so far as it was consonant with the Divine
  natural law。
  (29) As to the fact that the patriarchs offered sacrifices; I think they did
  so   for   the   purpose   of   stimulating   their   piety;   for   their   minds   had   been
  accustomed from childhood to the idea of sacrifice; which we know had
  been universal   from the   time of   Enoch;   and thus they found   in   sacrifice
  their most powerful incentive。 (30) The patriarchs; then; did not sacrifice
  to God at the bidding of a Divine right; or as taught by the basis of the
  Divine law; but simply in accordance with the custom of the time; and; if
  in so doing they followed any ordinance; it was simply the ordinance of
  the country they were living in; by which (as we have seen before in the
  case of Melchisedek) they were bound。
  (31) I think that I have now given Scriptural authority for my view: it
  remains   to    show   why   and     how   the    ceremonial   observances        tended   to
  preserve and confirm the Hebrew kingdom; and this I can very briefly do
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  on grounds universally accepted。
  (32) The formation of society serves not only for defensive purposes;
  but   is   also   very   useful;   and;   indeed;   absolutely   necessary;   as   rendering
  possible      the   division    of   labour。    (33)    If  men     did   not   render     mutual
  assistance to each other; no one would have either the skill or the time to
  provide   for   his   own   sustenance   and   preservation:   for   all   men   are   not
  equally apt for all work; and no one would be capable of preparing all that
  he individually stood in need of。 (34) Strength and time; I repeat; would
  fail; if every one had in person to plough; to sow; to reap; to grind corn; to
  cook;     to  weave;     to   stitch;   and   perform     the   other    numerous       functions
  required to keep life going; to say nothing of the arts and sciences which
  are   also   entirely   necessary   to   the   perfection   and   blessedness   of   human
  nature。   (35)   We   see   that   peoples   living;   in   uncivilized   barbarism   lead   a
  wretched   and   almost   animal   life;   and   even   they   would   not   be   able   to
  acquire      their  few    rude    necessaries     without     assisting    one   another     to  a
  certain extent。
  (36)    Now     if  men     were    so  constituted     by   nature    that   they   desired
  nothing   but   what   is   designated   by   true   reason;   society   would   obviously
  have     no   need    of  laws:    it  would     be  sufficient    to   inculcate    true   moral
  doctrines;   and   men   would   freely;   without   hesitation;   act   in   accordance
  with   their   true   interests。   (37)   But   human   nature   is   framed   in   a   different
  fashion: every one; indeed; seeks his own interest; but does not do so in
  accordance   with   the   dictates   of   sound   reason;   for   most   men's   ideas   of
  desirability      and    usefulness      are   guided     by   their   fleshly    instincts    and
  emotions;   which   take   no   thought   beyond   the   present   and   the   immediate
  object。 (38) Therefore; no society can exist without government; and force;
  and laws to restrain and repress men's desires and immoderate impulses。
  (39) Still human nature will not submit to absolute repression。 (40) Violent
  governments; as Seneca says; never last long; the moderate governments
  endure。 (41) So long as men act simply from fear they act contrary to their
  inclinations;   taking   no   thought   for   the   advantages   or   necessity   of   their
  actions; but simply endeavouring to escape punishment or loss of life。 (42)
  They   must   needs   rejoice   in   any   evil   which   befalls   their   ruler;   even   if   it
  should involve themselves; and must long for and bring about such evil by
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  every means in their power。 (43) Again; men are especially intolerant of
  serving   and   being   ruled   by   their   equals。   (44)   Lastly;   it   is   exceedingly
  difficult to revoke liberties once granted。
  (45) From these considerations it follows; firstly; that authority should
  either    be   vested    in  the   hands    of   the  whole     state   in  common;       so   that
  everyone   should   be   bound   to   se