第 11 节
作者:交通工具类:沧海一叶舟      更新:2021-12-07 09:33      字数:9320
  worship of the National Divinity (2 Kings xvii:25)。
  (96)   Jacob;   according   to Aben   Ezra's   opinion;   therefore   admonished
  his sons when he wished them to seek out a new country; that they should
  prepare     themselves     for   a  new   worship;     and   lay  aside   the   worship    of
  strange;   gods   …   that   is;   of   the   gods   of   the   land   where   they   were   (Gen。
  xxxv:2; 3)。
  (97)    David;    in  telling   Saul   that  he   was    compelled     by   the   king's
  persecution to live away from his country; said that he was driven out from
  the heritage of the Lord; and sent to worship other gods (1 Sam。 xxvi:19)。
  (98) Lastly; he believed that this Being or Deity had His habitation in the
  heavens (Deut。 xxxiii:27); an opinion very common among the Gentiles。
  (99) If we now examine the revelations to Moses; we shall find that
  they were accommodated to these opinions; as he believed that the Divine
  Nature was subject to the conditions of mercy; graciousness; &c。; so God
  was revealed to him in accordance with his idea and under these attributes
  (see Exodus xxxiv:6; 7; and the second commandment)。 (100) Further it is
  related (Ex。 xxxiii:18) that Moses asked of God that he might behold Him;
  but as Moses (as we have said) had formed no mental image of God; and
  God      (as  I  have    shown)     only    revealed    Himself     to   the   prophets    in
  accordance   with   the   disposition   of   their   imagination;   He   did   not   reveal
  Himself in any form。 (101) This; I repeat; was because the imagination of
  Moses was unsuitable; for other prophets bear witness that they saw  the
  Lord; for instance; Isaiah; Ezekiel; Daniel; &c。 (102) For this reason God
  answered Moses; 〃Thou canst not see My face;〃 and inasmuch as Moses
  believed that God can be looked upon … that is; that no contradiction of the
  Divine   nature   is   therein   involved   (for   otherwise   he   would   never   have
  preferred his request) … it is added; 〃For no one shall look on Me and live;〃
  thus   giving   a  reason   in accordance  with   Moses' idea;  for  it is not   stated
  that a contradiction of the Divine nature would be involved; as was really
  the   case;   but   that   the   thing   would   not   come   to   pass   because   of   human
  infirmity。
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  (103)   When   God   would   reveal   to   Moses   that   the   Israelites;   because
  they worshipped the calf; were to be placed in the same category as other
  nations; He said (ch。 xxxiii:2; 3); that He would send an angel (that is; a
  being   who   should   have   charge   of   the   Israelites;   instead   of   the   Supreme
  Being);  and   that   He   Himself   would no   longer   remain   among them;   thus
  leaving     Moses     no  ground     for  supposing   that     the  Israelites   were    more
  beloved      by   God    than   the   other   nations    whose     guardianship      He   had
  entrusted to other beings or angels (vide verse 16)。
  (104) Lastly;   as   Moses  believed that   God dwelt   in   the heavens;   God
  was revealed to him as coming down from heaven on to a mountain; and
  in   order   to   talk   with   the   Lord   Moses   went   up   the   mountain;   which   he
  certainly     need   not   have   done    if  he  could    have    conceived     of  God    as
  omnipresent。
  (105) The Israelites knew scarcely anything of God; although He was
  revealed to them; and this is abundantly evident from their transferring; a
  few days afterwards; the honour and worship due to Him to a calf; which
  they believed to be the god who had brought them out of Egypt。 (106) In
  truth; it is hardly likely that men accustomed to the superstitions of Egypt;
  uncultivated and sunk in most abject slavery; should have held any sound
  notions about the Deity; or that Moses should have taught them anything
  beyond a rule of right living; inculcating it not like a philosopher; as the
  result   of   freedom;   but   like   a   lawgiver   compelling   them   to   be   moral   by
  legal authority。 (107) Thus the rule of right living; the worship and love of
  God; was to them rather a bondage than the true liberty; the gift and grace
  of the Deity。 (108) Moses bid them love God and keep His law; because
  they had in the past received benefits from Him (such as the deliverance
  from   slavery   in   Egypt);   and   further   terrified   them   with   threats   if   they
  transgressed His   commands; holding   out   many promises of good   if   they
  should observe them; thus treating them as parents treat irrational children。
  It is; therefore; certain that they knew not the excellence of virtue and the
  true happiness。
  (109) Jonah thought that he was fleeing from the sight of God; which
  seems   to   show   that   he   too   held   that   God   had   entrusted   the   care   of   the
  nations   outside   Judaea   to   other   substituted   powers。   (110)   No   one   in   the
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  whole of the Old Testament speaks more rationally of God than Solomon;
  who in fact surpassed all the men of his time in natural ability。 (111) Yet he
  considered himself above  the law  (esteeming it only to   have been   given
  for men without reasonable and intellectual grounds for their actions); and
  made small account of the laws concerning kings; which are mainly three:
  nay; he openly violated them (in this he did wrong; and acted in a manner
  unworthy of a philosopher; by indulging in sensual pleasure); and taught
  that   all   Fortune's   favours   to   mankind   are   vanity;   that   humanity   has   no
  nobler gift than wisdom; and no greater punishment than folly。 (112) See
  Proverbs xvi:22; 23。
  (113) But let us return to the prophets whose conflicting opinions we
  have undertaken to note。 (114) The expressed ideas of Ezekiel seemed so
  diverse   from   those   of   Moses   to   the   Rabbis   who   have   left   us   the   extant
  prophetic books (as is told in the treatise of Sabbathus; i:13; 2); that they
  had serious thoughts of omitting his prophecy from the canon; and would
  doubtless have thus excluded it if a certain Hananiah had not undertaken
  to   explain   it;   a   task   which   (as   is   there   narrated)   he   with   great   zeal   and
  labour   accomplished。   (115)   How   he   did   so   does   not   sufficiently   appear;
  whether it was by writing a commentary which has now perished; or by
  altering Ezekiel's words and audaciously … striking out phrases according
  to his fancy。 (116) However this may be; chapter xviii。 certainly does not
  seem to agree with Exodus xxxiv:7; Jeremiah xxxii:18; &c。
  (117 )   Samuel believed  that   the Lord never   repented of   anything   He
  had   decreed   (1   Sam。   xv:29);   for   when   Saul   was   sorry   for   his   sin;   and
  wished to worship God and ask for forgiveness; Samuel said that the Lord
  would not go back from his decree。
  (118)   To   Jeremiah;   on   the   other   hand;   it   was   revealed   that;   〃If   that
  nation against whom I (the Lord) have pronounced; turn from their evil; I
  will repent of the evil that I thought to do unto them。 (119) If it do evil in
  my     sight;   that  it  obey   not   my    voice;   then   I  will   repent    of  the  good
  wherewith I said I would benefit them〃 (Jer。 xviii:8…10)。 (120) Joel (ii:13)
  taught   that   the   Lord   repented   Him   only   of   evil。   (121)   Lastly;   it   is   clear
  from Gen iv: 7 that a man can overcome the temptations of sin; and act
  righteously;   for   this   doctrine   is   told   to   Cain;   though;   as   we   learn   from
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  Josephus and the Scriptures; he never did so overcome them。 (122) And
  this agrees with the chapter of Jeremiah just cited; for it is there said that
  the Lord repents of the good or the evil pronounced; if the men in question
  change their ways and manner of life。 (123) But; on the other hand; Paul
  (Rom。ix:10) teaches as plainly as possible that men have no control over
  the temptations of the flesh save by the special vocation and grace of God。
  (124) And when (Rom。 iii:5 and vi:19) he attributes righteousness to man;
  he corrects himself as speaking merely humanly and through the infirmity
  of the flesh。
  (125) We have now more than sufficiently proved our point; that God
  adapted revelations to the understanding and opinions of the prophets; and
  that   in   matters   of   theory   without     bearing    on   charity   or  morality     the
  prophets      could   be;   and;   in  fact;