第 10 节
作者:交通工具类:沧海一叶舟      更新:2021-12-07 09:33      字数:9322
  according      to   his  understanding;      that   is;  as  proceeding      from    a  going
  backwards of the sun; for he; too; thought that the sun moves and that the
  earth   is   still;   of   parhelia   he   perhaps   never   even   dreamed。   (74)   We   may
  arrive   at   this   conclusion   without   any;   scruple;   for   the   sign   could   really
  have come to pass; and have been predicted by Isaiah to the king; without
  the prophet being aware of the real cause。
  (75) With regard to the building of the Temple by Solomon; if it was
  really dictate by God we must maintain the same doctrine: namely; that all
  the     measurements        were     revealed     according      to   the    opinions     and
  understanding of the king; for as we are not bound to believe that Solomon
  was a mathematician; we may affirm that he was ignorant of the true ratio
  between the circumference and the diameter of a circle; and that; like the
  generality of workmen; he thought that it was as three to one。 (76) But if it
  is   allowable   to   declare   that   we   do   not   understand   the   passage;   in   good
  sooth I know nothing in the Bible that we can understand; for the process
  of building is there narrated simply and as a mere matter of history。 (77) If;
  again; it is permitted to pretend that the passage has another meaning; and
  was written as it is from some reason unknown to us; this is no less than a
  complete   subversal   of   the   Bible;   for   every   absurd   and   evil   invention   of
  human perversity could thus; without detriment to Scriptural authority; be
  defended   and   fostered。   (78)   Our   conclusion   is   in   no   wise   impious;   for
  though   Solomon;  Isaiah; Joshua;  &c。   were   prophets;  they  were   none   the
  less men; and as such not exempt from human shortcomings。
  (79) According to   the  understanding   of   Noah it   was   revealed to   him
  that God as about to destroy the whole human race; for Noah thought that
  beyond the limits of Palestine the world was not inhabited。
  (80) Not only in matters of this kind; but in others more important; the
  about the Divine attributes; but held quite ordinary notions about God; and
  to these notions their  revelations were adapted; as   I will demonstrate by
  ample Scriptural testimony; from all which one may easily see that they
  were praised and commended; not so much for the sublimity and eminence
  of their intellect as for their piety and faithfulness。
  (81) Adam;   the   first   man   to   whom   God   was   revealed;   did   not   know
  that He is omnipotent and omniscient; for he hid himself from Him; and
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  attempted to make excuses for his fault before God; as though he had had
  to do with a man; therefore to him also was God revealed according to his
  understanding   …   that   is;   as   being   unaware   of   his   situation   or   his   sin;   for
  Adam heard; or seemed to hear; the Lord walling; in the garden; calling
  him and asking him where he was; and then; on seeing his shamefacedness;
  asking     him    whether    he   had   eaten   of   the  forbidden     fruit。  (82)   Adam
  evidently only knew the Deity as the Creator of all things。 (83) To Cain
  also   God   was   revealed;   according   to   his   understanding;   as   ignorant   of
  human   affairs;   nor   was   a   higher   conception   of   the   Deity   required   for
  repentance of his sin。
  (83)   To   Laban   the   Lord   revealed   Himself   as   the   God   of   Abraham;
  because Laban believed that each nation had its own special divinity (see
  Gen。 xxxi:29)。 (84) Abraham also knew not that God is omnipresent; and
  has foreknowledge of   all things;   for when he heard   the sentence   against
  the inhabitants of Sodom; he prayed that the Lord should not execute it till
  He had ascertained whether they all merited such punishment; for he said
  (see Gen。 xviii:24); 〃Peradventure there be fifty righteous within the city;〃
  and in accordance with this belief God was revealed to him; as Abraham
  imagined; He spake thus: 〃I will go down now; and see whether they have
  done altogether according to the cry of it which is come unto Me; and; if
  not; I will know。〃 (85) Further; the Divine testimony concerning Abraham
  asserts   nothing   but   that   he   was   obedient;   and   that   he   〃commanded   his
  household   after   him   that   they   should   keep   the   way   of   the   Lord〃   (Gen。
  xviii:19); it does not state that he held sublime conceptions of the Deity。
  (86)   Moses;  also;  was   not   sufficiently  aware   that   God is   omniscient;
  and directs human actions by His sole decree; for although God Himself
  says that the Israelites should hearken to Him; Moses still considered the
  matter doubtful and repeated; 〃But if they will not believe me; nor hearken
  unto my voice。〃 (87) To him in like manner God was revealed as taking no
  part in; and as being ignorant of; future human actions: the Lord gave him
  two signs and said; 〃And it shall come to pass that if they will not believe
  thee; neither hearken to the voice of the first sign; that they will believe the
  voice of the latter sign; but if not; thou shalt take of the water of the river;〃
  &c。    (88)   Indeed;    if  any   one   considers    without    prejudice    the   recorded
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  opinions of Moses; he will plainly see that Moses conceived the Deity as a
  Being Who has always existed; does exist; and always will exist; and for
  this cause he calls Him by the name Jehovah; which in Hebrew signifies
  these three phases of existence: as to His nature; Moses only taught that
  He   is   merciful;   gracious;   and   exceeding   jealous;   as   appears   from   many
  passages   in   the   Pentateuch。   (89)   Lastly;   he   believed   and   taught   that   this
  Being      was    so  different    from    all   other   beings;    that   He    could    not   be
  expressed   by   the   image   of   any   visible   thing;   also;   that   He   could   not   be
  looked   upon;   and   that   not   so   much   from   inherent   impossibility   as   from
  human   infirmity;   further;   that   by   reason   of   His   power   He   was   without
  equal   and   unique。   (90)   Moses   admitted;   indeed;   that   there   were   beings
  (doubtless   by   the   plan   and   command   of   the   Lord)   who   acted   as   God's
  vicegerents … that is; beings to whom God had given the right; authority;
  and   power   to   direct   nations;   and   to   provide   and   care   for   them;   but   he
  taught that this Being Whom they were bound to obey was the highest and
  Supreme God; or (to use the Hebrew phrase) God of gods; and thus in the
  song (Exod。 xv:11) he exclaims; 〃Who is like unto Thee; 0 Lord; among
  the gods?〃 and Jethro says (Exod。 xviii:11); 〃Now I know that the Lord is
  greater than   all gods。〃   (91) That   is   to   say;  〃I   am  at   length   compelled   to
  admit to Moses that Jehovah is greater than all gods; and that His power is
  unrivalled。〃   (92)   We   must   remain   in   doubt   whether   Moses   thought   that
  these beings who acted as God's vicegerents were created by Him; for he
  has stated nothing; so far as we know; about their creation and origin。 (93)
  He further taught that this Being had brought the visible world into order
  from     Chaos;     and   had    given    Nature    her   germs;     and   therefore     that  He
  possesses supreme right and power over all things; further; that by reason
  of   this   supreme   right   and   power   He   had   chosen   for   Himself   alone   the
  Hebrew nation and a certain strip of territory; and had handed over to the
  care   of   other   gods   substituted   by   Himself   the   rest   of   the   nations   and
  territories; and that therefore He was called the God of Israel and the God
  of Jerusalem; whereas the other gods were called the gods of the Gentiles。
  (94) For this reason the Jews believed that the strip of territory which God
  had    chosen     for   Himself;     demanded       a  Divine    worship      quite   apart   and
  different   from   the   worship   which   obtained   elsewhere;   and   that   the   Lord
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  would not suffer the worship of other gods adapted to other countries。 (95)
  Thus they thought that the people whom the king of Assyria had brought
  into    Judaea    were   torn   in  pieces   by   lions   because    they   knew    not   the
  worship of the National Divinity (2 Kings xvii:25)。
  (96)   Jacob;   according   to Aben   E