第 8 节
作者:交通工具类:沧海一叶舟      更新:2021-12-07 09:33      字数:9322
  prophet;   but   also   according   to   his   particular   opinions;   and   further   that
  prophecy never rendered the prophet wiser than he was before。 (11) But I
  will   first discuss the   assurance   of truth   which   the   prophets   received;   for
  this is akin to the subject…matter of the chapter; and will serve to elucidate
  somewhat our present point。
  (12) Imagination does not; in its own nature; involve any certainty of
  truth; such as is implied in every clear and distinct idea; but requires some
  extrinsic reason to assure us of its objective reality: hence prophecy cannot
  afford   certainty;   and   the   prophets   were   assured   of   God's   revelation   by
  some sign; and not by the fact of revelation; as we may see from Abraham;
  who;     when    he  had   heard   the   promise    of  God;    demanded      a  sign;  not
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  because he did not believe in God; but because he wished to be sure that it
  was God Who made the promise。 (13) The fact is still more evident in the
  case of Gideon: 〃Show me;〃 he says to God; 〃show me a sign; that I may
  know that it is Thou that talkest with me。〃 (14) God also says to Moses:
  〃And let this be a sign that I have sent thee。〃 (15) Hezekiah; though he had
  long known Isaiah to be a prophet; none the less demanded a sign of the
  cure   which   he   predicted。   (15)   It   is   thus   quite   evident   that   the   prophets
  always received some sign to certify them of their prophetic imaginings;
  and for this reason Moses bids the Jews (Deut。 xviii。) ask of the prophets a
  sign;   namely;   the   prediction   of   some   coming   event。   (16)   In   this   respect;
  prophetic knowledge is inferior to natural knowledge; which needs no sign;
  and    in   itself  implies    certitude。    (17)   Moreover;      Scripture    warrants     the
  statement   that   the   certitude   of   the   prophets   was   not   mathematical;   but
  moral。 (18) Moses lays down the punishment of death for the prophet who
  preaches   new   gods;   even   though   he   confirm   his   doctrine   by   signs   and
  wonders   (Deut。   xiii。);   〃For;〃   he   says;   〃the   Lord   also   worketh   signs   and
  wonders to try His people。〃 (19) And Jesus Christ warns His disciples of
  the same thing (Matt。 xxiv:24)。 (20) Furthermore; Ezekiel (xiv:9) plainly
  states    that   God    sometimes       deceives    men     with   false   revelations;     and
  Micaiah bears like witness in the case of the prophets of Ahab。
  (21) Although   these   instances   go   to   prove   that   revelation   is   open   to
  doubt; it nevertheless contains; as we have said; a considerable element of
  certainty; for God never deceives the good; nor His chosen; but (according
  to   the   ancient   proverb;   and   as   appears   in   the   history   of Abigail   and   her
  speech); God uses the good as instruments of goodness; and the wicked as
  means   to   execute   His   wrath。   (22)   This   may   be   seen   from   the   case   of
  Micaiah above quoted; for although God had determined to deceive Ahab;
  through prophets; He made use of lying prophets; to the good prophet He
  revealed the truth; and did not forbid his proclaiming it。
  (23)   Still   the   certitude   of   prophecy;   remains;   as   I   have   said;   merely;
  moral; for no one can justify himself before God; nor boast that he is an
  instrument for God's goodness。 (24) Scripture itself teaches and shows that
  God led away David to number the people; though it bears ample witness
  to David's piety。
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  (25) The   whole   question   of   the   certitude   of   prophecy;   was   based   on
  these three considerations:             1。 That the things revealed were imagined
  very vividly; affecting the                prophets in the same way as things seen
  when awake;
  2。 The presence of a sign;
  3。   Lastly;   and   chiefly;   that   the   mind   of   the   prophet   was   given
  wholly;             to what was right and         good。
  (26) Although Scripture does not always make mention of a sign; we
  must     nevertheless      suppose     that   a  sign   was    always     vouchsafed;      for
  Scripture   does   not   always   relate   every;   condition   and   circumstance   (as
  many;   have   remarked);   but   rather   takes   them   for   granted。   (27)   We   may;
  however;   admit   that   no   sign     was   needed   when   the   prophecy   declared
  nothing that was not already contained in the law of Moses; because it was
  confirmed   by   that     law。   (28)   For   instance;   Jeremiah's     prophecy;   of    the
  destruction      of   Jerusalem     was    confirmed      by   the  prophecies      of  other
  prophets; and by the threats in the law; and; therefore; it needed no sign ;
  whereas Hananiah; who; contrary to all the prophets; foretold the speedy
  restoration of the state; stood in need of a sign; or he would have been in
  doubt as to the truth of his prophecy; until it was confirmed by facts。 (29)
  〃The prophet which prophesieth of peace; when the word of the prophet
  shall   come   to   pass;   then   shall   the   prophet   be   known   that   the   Lord   hath
  truly sent him。〃
  (30) As;  then; the  certitude afforded   to the  prophet by  signs was   not
  mathematical   (i。e。   did   not   necessarily   follow   from   the   perception   of   the
  thing perceived or seen); but only moral; and as the signs were only given
  to convince the prophet; it follows that such signs were given according to
  the opinions and capacity of each prophet; so that a sign which convince
  one prophet would fall far short of convincing another who was imbued
  with   different   opinions。  (31) Therefore the  signs varied   according   to   the
  individual prophet。
  (32) So   also did   the revelation vary; as   we have stated; according  to
  individual   disposition   and   temperament;   and   according   to   the   opinions
  previously held。
  (33) It varied according to disposition;  in this   way:   if a  prophet   was
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  cheerful; victories; peace; and events which make men glad; were revealed
  to him; in that he was naturally more likely to imagine such things。 (34) If;
  on the contrary; he was melancholy; wars; massacres; and calamities were
  revealed;   and   so;   according   as   a   prophet   was   merciful;   gentle;   quick   to
  anger; or severe; he was more fitted for one kind of revelation than another。
  (35)   It   varied   according   to   the   temper   of   imagination   in   this   way:   if   a
  prophet was cultivated he perceived the mind of God in a cultivated way;
  if   he   was    confused      he   perceived     it  confusedly。      (36)   And     so   with
  revelations perceived through visions。 (37) If a prophet was a countryman
  he   saw   visions   of   oxen;   cows;   and   the   like;   if   he   was   a   soldier;   he   saw
  generals and armies; if a courtier; a royal throne; and so on。
  (38)   Lastly;   prophecy   varied   according   to   the   opinions   held   by   the
  prophets; for instance; to the Magi; who believed in the follies of astrology;
  the birth of Christ was revealed through the vision of a star in the East。 (39)
  To    the   augurs     of  Nebuchadnezzar         the   destruction     of   Jerusalem     was
  revealed through entrails; whereas the king himself inferred it from oracles
  and   the   direction   of   arrows   which   he shot   into   the   air。   (40) To   prophets
  who believed that man acts from free choice and by his own power; God
  was revealed as standing apart from and ignorant of future human actions。
  (41) All of which we will illustrate from Scripture。
  (42) The first point is proved from the case of Elisha; who; in order to
  prophecy   to   Jehoram;   asked   for   a   harp;   and   was   unable   to   perceive   the
  Divine purpose   till   he   had   been   recreated by  its   music; then;   indeed;  he
  prophesied to Jehoram and to his allies glad tidings; which previously he
  had been unable to attain to because he was angry with the king; and these
  who are angry  with anyone   can   imagine evil  of him; but not good。  (43)
  The theory that God does not reveal Himself to the angry or the sad; is a
  mere dream: for God revealed to Moses while angry; the terrible slaughter
  of the firstborn; and did so without the intervention of a harp。 (44) To Cain
  in his rage; God was revealed; and to Ezekiel; impatient with anger; was
  revealed   the   contumacy   and   wretchedn