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footings。 In order to set this forth categorically and exhaust the whole
question; I point out the way in which the Bible should be interpreted; and
show that all of spiritual questions should be sought from it alone; and not
from the objects of ordinary knowledge。 (43) Thence I pass on to indicate
the false notions; which have from the fact that the multitude … ever prone
to superstition; and caring more for the shreds of antiquity for eternal
truths … pays homage to the Books of the Bible; rather than to the Word of
God。 (44) I show that the Word of God has not been revealed as a certain
number of books; was displayed to the prophets as a simple idea of the
mind; namely; obedience to God in singleness of heart; and in the practice
of justice and charity; and I further point out; that this doctrine is set forth
in Scripture in accordance with the opinions and understandings of those;
among whom the Apostles and Prophets preached; to the end that men
might receive it willingly; and with their whole heart。
(45) Having thus laid bare the bases of belief; I draw the conclusion
that Revelation has obedience for its sole object; therefore; in purpose no
less than in foundation and method; stands entirely aloof from ordinary
knowledge; each has its separate province; neither can be called the
handmaid of the other。
(46) Furthermore; as men's habits of mind differ; so that some more
readily embrace one form of faith; some another; for what moves one to
pray may move another only to scoff; I conclude; in accordance with what
has gone before; that everyone should be free to choose for himself the
foundations of his creed; and that faith should be judged only by its fruits;
each would then obey God freely with his whole heart; while nothing
would be publicly honoured save justice and charity。
(47) Having thus drawn attention to the liberty conceded to everyone
by the revealed law of God; I pass on to another part of my subject; and
prove that this same liberty can and should be accorded with safety to the
state and the magisterial authority … in fact; that it cannot be withheld
without great danger to peace and detriment to the community。
(48) In order to establish my point; I start from the natural rights of the
individual; which are co…extensive with his desires and power; and from
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the fact that no one is bound to live as another pleases; but is the guardian
of his own liberty。 (49) I show that these rights can only be transferred to
those whom we depute to defend us; who acquire with the duties of
defence the power of ordering our lives; and I thence infer that rulers
possess rights only limited by their power; that they are the sole guardians
of justice and liberty; and that their subjects should act in all things as they
dictate: nevertheless; since no one can so utterly abdicate his own power
of self…defence as to cease to be a man; I conclude that no one can be
deprived of his natural rights absolutely; but that subjects; either by tacit
agreement; or by social contract; retain a certain number; which cannot be
taken from them without great danger to the state。
(50) From these considerations I pass on to the Hebrew State; which I
describe at some length; in order to trace the manner in which Religion
acquired the force of law; and to touch on other noteworthy points。 (51) I
then prove; that the holders of sovereign power are the depositories and
interpreters of religious no less than of civil ordinances; and that they
alone have the right to decide what is just or unjust; pious or impious;
lastly; I conclude by showing; that they best retain this right and secure
safety to their state by allowing every man to think what he likes; and say
what he thinks。
(52) Such; Philosophical Reader; are the questions I submit to your
notice; counting on your approval; for the subject matter of the whole
book and of the several chapters is important and profitable。 (53) I would
say more; but I do not want my preface to extend to a volume; especially
as I know that its leading propositions are to Philosophers but common
places。 (54) To the rest of mankind I care not to commend my treatise; for
I cannot expect that it contains anything to please them: I know how
deeply rooted are the prejudices embraced under the name of religion; I
am aware that in the mind of the masses superstition is no less deeply
rooted than fear; I recognize that their constancy is mere obstinacy; and
that they are led to praise or blame by impulse rather than reason。 (55)
Therefore the multitude; and those of like passions with the multitude; I
ask not to read my book; nay; I would rather that they should utterly
neglect it; than that they should misinterpret it after their wont。 (56) They
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would gain no good themselves; and might prove a stumbling…block to
others; whose philosophy is hampered by the belief that Reason is a mere
handmaid to Theology; and whom I seek in this work especially to benefit。
(57) But as there will be many who have neither the leisure; nor; perhaps;
the inclination to read through all I have written; I feel bound here; as at
the end of my treatise; to declare that I have written nothing; which I do
not most willingly submit to the examination and judgment of my
country's rulers; and that I am ready to retract anything; which they shall
decide to be repugnant to the laws or prejudicial to the public good。 (58) I
know that I am a man and; as a man; liable to error; but against error I
have taken scrupulous care; and striven to keep in entire accordance with
the laws of my country; with loyalty; and with morality。
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CHAPTER I。 … Of Prophecy
(1) Prophecy; or revelation is sure knowledge revealed by God to man。
(2) A prophet is one who interprets the revelations of God {insights} to
those who are unable to attain to sure knowledge of the matters revealed;
and therefore can only apprehend them by simple faith。
(3) The Hebrew word for prophet is 〃naw…vee'〃; Strong:5030;
'Endnote 1' i。e。 speaker or interpreter; but in Scripture its meaning is
restricted to interpreter of God; as we may learn from Exodus vii:1; where
God says to Moses; 〃See; I have made thee a god to Pharaoh; and Aaron
thy brother shall be thy prophet;〃 implying that; since in interpreting
Moses' words to Pharaoh; Aaron acted the part of a prophet; Moses would
be to Pharaoh as a god; or in the attitude of a god。
(4) Prophets I will treat of in the next chapter; and at present consider
prophecy。
(5) Now it is evident; from the definition above given; that prophecy
really includes ordinary knowledge; for the knowledge which we acquire
by our natural faculties depends on knowledge of God and His eternal
laws; but ordinary knowledge is common to all men as men; and rests on
foundations which all share; whereas the multitude always strains after
rarities and exceptions; and thinks little of the gifts of nature; so that; when
prophecy is talked of; ordinary knowledge is not supposed to be included。
(6) Nevertheless it has as much right as any other to be called Divine; for
God's nature; in so far as we share therein; and God's laws; dictate it to us;
nor does it suffer from that to which we give the preeminence; except in so
far as the latter transcends its limits and cannot be accounted for by natural
laws taken in themselves。 (7) In respect to the certainty it involves; and the
source from which it is derived; i。e。 God; ordinary; knowledge is no whit
inferior to prophetic; unless indeed we believe; or rather dream; that the
prophets had human bodies but superhuman minds; and therefore that their
sensations and consciou