第 3 节
作者:交通工具类:沧海一叶舟      更新:2021-12-07 09:33      字数:9322
  footings。   In   order   to   set   this   forth   categorically   and   exhaust   the   whole
  question; I point out the way in which the Bible should be interpreted; and
  show that all of spiritual questions should be sought from it alone; and not
  from the objects of ordinary knowledge。 (43) Thence I pass on to indicate
  the false notions; which have from the fact that the multitude … ever prone
  to   superstition;   and   caring   more   for   the   shreds   of   antiquity   for   eternal
  truths … pays homage to the Books of the Bible; rather than to the Word of
  God。 (44) I show that the Word of God has not been revealed as a certain
  number   of books;   was displayed   to   the   prophets   as   a simple   idea   of   the
  mind; namely; obedience to God in singleness of heart; and in the practice
  of justice and charity; and I further point out; that this doctrine is set forth
  in Scripture in accordance with the opinions and understandings of those;
  among   whom   the Apostles   and   Prophets   preached;   to   the   end   that   men
  might receive it willingly; and with their whole heart。
  (45) Having thus laid bare the bases of belief; I draw the conclusion
  that Revelation has obedience for its sole object; therefore; in purpose no
  less   than   in   foundation   and   method;   stands   entirely   aloof   from   ordinary
  knowledge;        each   has   its  separate    province;     neither    can   be   called   the
  handmaid of the other。
  (46)   Furthermore;  as   men's   habits of   mind   differ;  so   that some   more
  readily embrace one form of faith; some another; for what moves one to
  pray may move another only to scoff; I conclude; in accordance with what
  has gone   before;  that   everyone   should   be   free  to   choose   for   himself   the
  foundations of his creed; and that faith should be judged only by its fruits;
  each   would   then   obey   God   freely   with   his   whole   heart;   while   nothing
  would be publicly honoured save justice and charity。
  (47) Having thus drawn attention to the liberty conceded to everyone
  by the revealed law of God; I pass on to another part of my subject; and
  prove that this same liberty can and should be accorded with safety to the
  state   and   the   magisterial   authority   …   in   fact;   that   it   cannot   be   withheld
  without great danger to peace and detriment to the community。
  (48) In order to establish my point; I start from the natural rights of the
  individual; which are co…extensive with his desires and power; and   from
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  the fact that no one is bound to live as another pleases; but is the guardian
  of his own liberty。 (49) I show that these rights can only be transferred to
  those   whom   we        depute   to    defend     us;   who    acquire   with     the   duties   of
  defence   the   power   of   ordering   our   lives;   and   I   thence   infer   that   rulers
  possess rights only limited by their power; that they are the sole guardians
  of justice and liberty; and that their subjects should act in all things as they
  dictate: nevertheless; since no one can so utterly abdicate his own power
  of   self…defence   as   to   cease   to   be   a   man;   I   conclude   that   no   one   can   be
  deprived of his natural rights absolutely; but that subjects; either by tacit
  agreement; or by social contract; retain a certain number; which cannot be
  taken from them without great danger to the state。
  (50) From these considerations I pass on to the Hebrew State; which I
  describe   at   some   length; in   order to trace   the   manner   in   which   Religion
  acquired the force of law; and to touch on other noteworthy points。 (51) I
  then prove; that   the holders   of sovereign   power are the depositories and
  interpreters   of   religious   no   less   than   of   civil   ordinances;   and   that   they
  alone   have   the   right   to   decide   what   is   just   or   unjust;   pious   or   impious;
  lastly;   I   conclude   by  showing;  that   they  best   retain   this   right   and   secure
  safety to their state by allowing every man to think what he likes; and say
  what he thinks。
  (52)   Such;   Philosophical   Reader;   are   the   questions   I   submit   to   your
  notice;   counting   on   your   approval;   for   the   subject   matter   of   the   whole
  book and of the several chapters is important and profitable。 (53) I would
  say more; but I do not want my preface to extend to a volume; especially
  as   I   know   that   its   leading   propositions   are   to   Philosophers   but   common
  places。 (54) To the rest of mankind I care not to commend my treatise; for
  I   cannot   expect   that   it   contains   anything   to   please   them:   I   know   how
  deeply rooted are the prejudices   embraced under the name   of religion;   I
  am   aware   that   in   the   mind   of   the   masses   superstition   is   no   less   deeply
  rooted   than   fear;   I  recognize  that their   constancy  is   mere  obstinacy;   and
  that   they   are   led   to   praise   or   blame   by   impulse   rather   than   reason。   (55)
  Therefore the multitude; and those of like passions with the multitude; I
  ask   not   to   read   my   book;   nay;   I   would   rather   that   they   should   utterly
  neglect it; than that they should misinterpret it after their wont。 (56) They
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  would   gain   no   good   themselves;   and   might   prove   a   stumbling…block   to
  others; whose philosophy is hampered by the belief that Reason is a mere
  handmaid to Theology; and whom I seek in this work especially to benefit。
  (57) But as there will be many who have neither the leisure; nor; perhaps;
  the inclination to read through all I have written; I feel bound here; as at
  the end of my treatise; to declare that I have written nothing; which I do
  not    most    willingly    submit     to  the   examination      and    judgment     of   my
  country's rulers; and that I am ready to retract anything; which they shall
  decide to be repugnant to the laws or prejudicial to the public good。 (58) I
  know   that   I   am  a   man   and;   as   a   man;   liable   to   error;  but   against   error   I
  have taken scrupulous care; and striven to keep in entire accordance with
  the laws of my country; with loyalty; and with morality。
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  CHAPTER I。 … Of Prophecy
  (1) Prophecy; or revelation is sure knowledge revealed by God to man。
  (2) A prophet   is   one  who interprets the  revelations   of   God   {insights}  to
  those who are unable to attain to sure knowledge of the matters revealed;
  and therefore can only apprehend them by simple faith。
  (3)   The    Hebrew      word     for  prophet     is  〃naw…vee'〃;     Strong:5030;
  'Endnote   1'   i。e。   speaker   or   interpreter;   but   in   Scripture   its   meaning   is
  restricted to interpreter of God; as we may learn from Exodus vii:1; where
  God says to Moses; 〃See; I have made thee a god to Pharaoh; and Aaron
  thy   brother    shall  be  thy   prophet;〃    implying    that;  since   in  interpreting
  Moses' words to Pharaoh; Aaron acted the part of a prophet; Moses would
  be to Pharaoh as a god; or in the attitude of a god。
  (4) Prophets I will treat of in the next chapter; and at present consider
  prophecy。
  (5) Now it is evident; from the definition above given; that prophecy
  really includes ordinary knowledge; for the knowledge which we acquire
  by   our   natural   faculties   depends   on   knowledge   of   God   and   His   eternal
  laws; but ordinary knowledge is common to all men as men; and rests on
  foundations   which   all   share;   whereas   the   multitude   always   strains   after
  rarities and exceptions; and thinks little of the gifts of nature; so that; when
  prophecy is talked of; ordinary knowledge is not supposed to be included。
  (6) Nevertheless it has as much right as any other to be called Divine; for
  God's nature; in so far as we share therein; and God's laws; dictate it to us;
  nor does it suffer from that to which we give the preeminence; except in so
  far as the latter transcends its limits and cannot be accounted for by natural
  laws taken in themselves。 (7) In respect to the certainty it involves; and the
  source from which it is derived; i。e。 God; ordinary; knowledge is no whit
  inferior to prophetic; unless indeed we believe; or rather dream; that the
  prophets had human bodies but superhuman minds; and therefore that their
  sensations and consciou