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A Theologico…Political Treatise
A Theologico…Political
Treatise
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A Theologico…Political Treatise
Part 1 … Chapters I to V
Baruch Spinoza
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A Theologico…Political Treatise
PREFACE。
(1)Men would never be superstitious; if they could govern all their
circumstances by set rules; or if they were always favoured by fortune: but
being frequently driven into straits where rules are useless; and being often
kept fluctuating pitiably between hope and fear by the uncertainty of
fortune's greedily coveted favours; they are consequently; for the most part;
very prone to credulity。 (2) The human mind is readily swayed this way or
that in times of doubt; especially when hope and fear are struggling for the
mastery; though usually it is boastful; over … confident; and vain。
(3) This as a general fact I suppose everyone knows; though few; I
believe; know their own nature; no one can have lived in the world
without observing that most people; when in prosperity; are so over…
brimming with wisdom (however inexperienced they may be); that they
take every offer of advice as a personal insult; whereas in adversity they
know not where to turn; but beg and pray for counsel from every passer…by。
(4) No plan is then too futile; too absurd; or too fatuous for their adoption;
the most frivolous causes will raise them to hope; or plunge them into
despair … if anything happens during their fright which reminds them of
some past good or ill; they think it portends a happy or unhappy issue; and
therefore (though it may have proved abortive a hundred times before)
style it a lucky or unlucky omen。 (5) Anything which excites their
astonishment they believe to be a portent signifying the anger of the gods
or of the Supreme Being; and; mistaking superstition for religion; account
it impious not to avert the evil with prayer and sacrifice。 (6) Signs and
wonders of this sort they conjure up perpetually; till one might think
Nature as mad as themselves; they interpret her so fantastically。
(7) Thus it is brought prominently before us; that superstition's chief
victims are those persons who greedily covet temporal advantages; they it
is; who (especially when they are in danger; and cannot help themselves)
are wont with Prayers and womanish tears to implore help from God:
upbraiding Reason as blind; because she cannot show a sure path to the
shadows they pursue; and rejecting human wisdom as vain; but believing
the phantoms of imagination; dreams; and other childish absurdities; to be
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the very oracles of Heaven。 (8) As though God had turned away from the
wise; and written His decrees; not in the mind of man but in the entrails of
beasts; or left them to be proclaimed by the inspiration and instinct of
fools; madmen; and birds。 Such is the unreason to which terror can drive
mankind!
(9) Superstition; then; is engendered; preserved; and fostered by fear。 If
anyone desire an example; let him take Alexander; who only began
superstitiously to seek guidance from seers; when he first learnt to fear
fortune in the passes of Sysis (Curtius; v。 4); whereas after he had
conquered Darius he consulted prophets no more; till a second time
frightened by reverses。 (10) When the Scythians were provoking a battle;
the Bactrians had deserted; and he himself was lying sick of his wounds;
〃he once more turned to superstition; the mockery of human wisdom; and
bade Aristander; to whom he confided his credulity; inquire the issue of
affairs with sacrificed victims。〃 (11) Very numerous examples of a like
nature might be cited; clearly showing the fact; that only while under the
dominion of fear do men fall a prey to superstition; that all the portents
ever invested with the reverence of misguided religion are mere phantoms
of dejected and fearful minds; and lastly; that prophets have most power
among the people; and are most formidable to rulers; precisely at those
times when the state is in most peril。 (12) I think this is sufficiently plain
to all; and will therefore say no more on the subject。
(13) The origin of superstition above given affords us a clear reason
for the fact; that it comes to all men naturally; though some refer its rise to
a dim notion of God; universal to mankind; and also tends to show; that it
is no less inconsistent and variable than other mental hallucinations and
emotional impulses; and further that it can only be maintained by hope;
hatred; anger; and deceit; since it springs; not from reason; but solely from
the more powerful phases of emotion。 (14) Furthermore; we may readily
understand how difficult it is; to maintain in the same course men prone to
every form of credulity。 (15) For; as the mass of mankind remains always
at about the same pitch of misery; it never assents long to any one remedy;
but is always best pleased by a novelty which has not yet proved illusive。
(16) This element of inconsistency has been the cause of many terrible
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wars and revolutions; for; as Curtius well says (lib。 iv。 chap。 10): 〃The
mob has no ruler more potent than superstition;〃 and is easily led; on the
plea of religion; at one moment to adore its kings as gods; and anon to
execrate and abjure them as humanity's common bane。 (17) Immense
pains have therefore been taken to counteract this evil by investing
religion; whether true or false; with such pomp and ceremony; that it may;
rise superior to every shock; and be always observed with studious
reverence by the whole people … a system which has been brought to great
perfection by the Turks; for they consider even controversy impious; and
so clog men's minds with dogmatic formulas; that they leave no room for
sound reason; not even enough to doubt with。
(18) But if; in despotic statecraft; the supreme and essential mystery be
to hoodwink the subjects; and to mask the fear; which keeps them clown;
with the specious garb of religion; so that men may fight as bravely for
slavery as for safety; and count it not shame but highest honour to risk
their blood and their lives for the vainglory of a tyrant; yet in a free state
no more mischievous expedient could be planned or attempted。 (19)
Wholly repugnant to the general freedom are such devices as enthralling
men's minds with prejudices; forcing their judgment; or employing any of
the weapons of quasi…religious sedition; indeed; such seditions only spring
up; when law enters the domain of speculative thought; and opinions are
put on trial and condemned on the same footing as crimes; while those
who defend and follow them are sacrificed; not to public safety; but to
their opponents' hatred and cruelty。 (20) If deeds only could be made the
grounds of criminal charges; and words were always allowed to pass free;
such seditions would be divested of every semblance of justification; and
would be separated from mere controversies by a hard and fast line。
(20) Now; seeing that we have the rare happiness of living in a
republic; where everyone's judgment is free and unshackled; where each
may worship God as his conscience dictates; and where freedom is
esteemed before all things dear and precious; I have believed that I should
be undertaking no ungrateful or unprofitable task; in demonstrating that
not only can such freedom be granted without prejudice to the public
peace; but also; that without such freedom; piety cannot flourish nor the
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