第 22 节
作者:淋雨      更新:2021-12-07 09:32      字数:9320
  learn the multiplication table; which is more than it always does at present;
  in spite of all the canings and keepings in。
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  The Pursuit of Learning
  When the Pursuit of Learning comes to mean the pursuit of learning
  by the child instead of the pursuit of the child by Learning; cane in hand;
  the danger will be precocity of the intellect; which is just as undesirable as
  precocity   of   the   emotions。      We   still   have   a   silly   habit   of   talking   and
  thinking as if intellect were a mechanical process and not a passion; and in
  spite of the German tutors who confess openly that three out of every five
  of the young men they coach for examinations are lamed for life thereby;
  in spite of Dickens and his picture of little Paul Dombey dying of lessons;
  we   persist   in   heaping   on   growing   children   and   adolescent   youths   and
  maidens tasks Pythagoras would have declined out of common regard for
  his own health and common   modesty as to his own capacity。                      And   this
  overwork is not all the effect of compulsion; for the average schoolmaster
  does not compel his scholars to learn:            he only scolds and punishes them
  if they do not; which is quite a different thing; the net effect being that the
  school   prisoners   need   not   learn   unless   they   like。  Nay;   it   is   sometimes
  remarked that the school duncemeaning the one who does not likeoften
  turns out well afterwards; as if idleness were a sign of ability and character。
  A   much   more   sensible   explanation   is   that   the   so…called   dunces   are   not
  exhausted before  they  begin   the  serious   business   of   life。       It   is   said   that
  boys will be boys; and one can only add one wishes they would。                       Boys
  really want to be manly; and are unfortunately encouraged thoughtlessly in
  this   very   dangerous   and   overstraining   aspiration。       All   the   people   who
  have really worked (Herbert Spencer for instance) warn us against work as
  earnestly as some people warn us against drink。               When learning is placed
  on   the   voluntary   footing   of   sport;   the   teacher   will   find   himself   saying
  every day 〃Run away and play:             you have worked as much as is good for
  you。〃   Trying   to   make   children   leave   school   will   be   like   trying   to   make
  them go to bed; and it will be necessary to surprise them with the idea that
  teaching is work; and that the teacher is tired and must go play or rest or
  eat:    possibilities always concealed by that infamous humbug the current
  schoolmaster;       who    achieves    a  spurious    divinity   and   a   witch   doctor's
  authority   by    persuading     children    that  he   is  not  human;    just  as   ladies
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  persuade them that they have no legs。
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  Children and Game:                                    a Proposal
  Of the many wild absurdities of our existing social order perhaps the
  most grotesque is the costly and strictly enforced reservation of large tracts
  of country as deer forests and breeding grounds for pheasants whilst there
  is so little provision of the kind made for children。          I have more than once
  thought of trying to introduce the shooting of children as a sport; as the
  children would then be preserved very carefully for ten months in the year;
  thereby     reducing    their  death   rate  far  more    than   the  fusillades   of  the
  sportsmen during the other two would raise it。             At present the killing of a
  fox except by a pack of foxhounds is regarded with horror; but you may
  and do kill children in a hundred and fifty ways provided you do not shoot
  them or set a pack of dogs on them。             It must be admitted that the foxes
  have the best of it; and indeed a glance at our pheasants; our deer; and our
  children will convince the most sceptical that the children have decidedly
  the worst of it。
  This much hope; however; can be extracted from the present state of
  things。    It   is  so  fantastic;  so  mad;    so  apparently    impossible;     that  no
  scheme of reform need ever henceforth be discredited on the ground that it
  is fantastic or mad or apparently impossible。             It is the sensible schemes;
  unfortunately; that are hopeless in England。 Therefore I have great hopes
  that my own views; though fundamentally sensible; can be made to appear
  fantastic enough to have a chance。
  First; then; I lay it down as a prime condition of sane society; obvious
  as   such   to   anyone   but   an   idiot;   that   in   any   decent   community;   children
  should find in every part of their native country; food; clothing; lodging;
  instruction; and parental kindness for the asking。 For the matter of that; so
  should adults; but the two cases differ in that as these commodities do not
  grow on the bushes; the adults cannot have them unless they themselves
  organize and provide the supply; whereas the children must have them as
  if by magic; with nothing to do but rub the lamp; like Aladdin; and have
  their needs satisfied。
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  The Parents' Intolerable Burden
  There is nothing new in this:         it is how children have always had and
  must always have their needs satisfied。            The parent has to play the part of
  Aladdin's   djinn;   and   many  a   parent   has   sunk   beneath   the   burden   of   this
  service。     All the novelty we need is to organize it so that instead of the
  individual child fastening like a parasite on its own particular parents; the
  whole body of children should be thrown not only upon the whole body of
  parents;    but   upon    the  celibates    and   childless   as   well;  whose     present
  exemption from a full share in the social burden of children is obviously
  unjust and unwholesome。            Today it is easy to find a widow who has at
  great cost to herself in pain; danger; and disablement; borne six or eight
  children。     In the same town you will find rich bachelors and old maids;
  and married couples with no children or with families voluntarily limited
  to two or three。 The eight children do not belong to the woman in any real
  or legal sense。      When she has reared them they pass away from her into
  the   community   as   independent   persons;   marrying   strangers;   working   for
  strangers; spending on the community the life that has been built up at her
  expense。      No more monstrous   injustice could be imagined than that   the
  burden   of   rearing   the   children   should   fall   on   her   alone   and   not   on   the
  celibates and the selfish as well。
  This is so far recognized that already the child finds; wherever it goes;
  a   school   for   it;   and   somebody  to   force   it   into   the   school;   and   more   and
  more these schools are being driven by the mere logic of facts to provide
  the   children   with   meals;   with   boots;   with   spectacles;   with   dentists   and
  doctors。     In fact; when the child's parents are destitute or not to be found;
  bread;    lodging;    and    clothing    are  provided。     It   is  true   that  they   are
  provided   grudgingly   and   on   conditions   infamous   enough   to   draw   down
  abundant fire from Heaven upon us every day in the shape of crime and
  disease and vice; but still the practice of keeping children barely alive at
  the charge of the community is established; and there is no need for me to
  argue about it。      I propose only two extensions of the practice。              One is to
  provide for all the child's reasonable human wants; on which point; if you
  differ from me; I shall take leave to say that you are socially a fool and
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  personally an inhuman wretch。              The other is that these wants should be
  supplied in complete freedom from compulsory schooling or compulsory
  anything except restraint from crime; though; as they can be supplied only
  by social organization; the child must be conscious of and subject to the
  conditions of that organization; which may involve such portions of adult
  responsibility and duty as a child may be able to bear according to its age;
  and   which   will