第 20 节
作者:淋雨      更新:2021-12-07 09:32      字数:9322
  in hand。     But let the most obvious measure of justice be demanded by the
  secretary     of   a  Trade    Union     in  terms    which    omit    all  expressions     of
  subservience; and it   is with   the greatest difficulty  that the  cooler…headed
  can   defeat   angry   motions   that   the   letter   be   thrown   into   the   waste   paper
  basket and the committee proceed to the next business。
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  The Demagogue's Opportunity
  And the employee has in him the same fierce impulse to impose his
  will   without   respect   for   the   will   of   others。  Democracy   is   in   practice
  nothing but a device for cajoling from him the vote he refuses to arbitrary
  authority。     He   will   not   vote   for   Coriolanus;   but   when   an   experienced
  demagogue   comes   along   and   says;   〃Sir:          _you_   are   the   dictator:    the
  voice of the people is the voice of God; and I am only your very humble
  servant;〃   he   says   at   once;   〃All   right:  tell   me   what   to   dictate;〃   and   is
  presently     enslaved     more    effectually    with    his  own     silly  consent    than
  Coriolanus would ever have enslaved him without asking his leave。                        And
  the trick by which the demagogue defeats Coriolanus is played on him in
  his turn by _his_ inferiors。 Everywhere we see the cunning succeeding in
  the world by seeking a rich or powerful master and practising on his lust
  for   subservience。   The   political   adventurer   who   gets   into   parliament   by
  offering himself to the poor voter; not as his representative but as his will…
  less    soulless    〃delegate;〃    is  himself     the  dupe    of   a  clever    wife    who
  repudiates Votes for Women; knowing well that whilst the man is master;
  the man's mistress will rule。         Uriah Heep may be a crawling creature; but
  his crawling takes him upstairs。
  Thus   does   the   selfishness   of   the   will   turn   on   itself;   and   obtain   by
  flattery   what   it   cannot   seize   by   open   force。    Democracy   becomes   the
  latest    trick  of   tyranny:      〃womanliness〃        becomes      the   latest   wile   of
  prostitution。
  Between      parent    and   child   the   same    conflict   wages     and   the  same
  destruction of character ensues。            Parents set themselves to bend the will
  of their children to their ownto break their stubborn spirit; as they call it…
  …with     the  ruthlessness     of   Grand     Inquisitors。     Cunning;      unscrupulous
  children learn all the arts of the sneak in circumventing tyranny:                  children
  of better character are cruelly distressed and more or less lamed for life by
  it。
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  Our Quarrelsomeness
  As   between   adults;   we   find   a   general   quarrelsomeness   which   makes
  political   reform   as   impossible   to   most   Englishmen   as   to   hogs。      Certain
  sections of the nation get cured of this disability。            University men; sailors;
  and politicians are comparatively free from it; because the communal life
  of the University; the fact that in a ship a man must either learn to consider
  others   or   else   go   overboard   or   into   irons;   and   the   habit   of   working   on
  committees and ceasing to expect more of one's own way than is included
  in   the   greatest   common       measure     of   the  committee;      educate    the   will
  socially。     But no one who has ever had to guide a committee of ordinary
  private   Englishmen   through   their   first   attempts   at   collective   action;   in
  committee or otherwise; can retain any illusions as to the appalling effects
  on our national manners and character of the organization of the home and
  the   school   as   petty   tyrannies;   and   the   absence   of   all   teaching   of   self…
  respect    and    training   in   self…assertion。    Bullied    and   ordered     about;   the
  Englishman obeys like a sheep; evades like a knave; or tries to murder his
  oppressor。      Merely      criticized   or   opposed     in  committee;      or  invited   to
  consider   anybody's   views   but   his   own;   he   feels   personally   insulted   and
  wants   to   resign   or   leave   the   room   unless   he   is   apologized   to。 And   his
  panic   and   bewilderment   when   he   sees   that   the   older   hands   at   the   work
  have no patience with him and do not intend to treat him as infallible; are
  pitiable as far as they are anything but ludicrous。 That is what comes of
  not being taught to consider other people's wills; and left to submit to them
  or to over…ride them as if they were the winds and the weather。                      Such a
  state of mind is incompatible not only with the democratic introduction of
  high   civilization;   but   with   the   comprehension   and   maintenance   of   such
  civilized institutions as have been introduced by benevolent and intelligent
  despots and aristocrats。
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  We Must Reform Society before we
  can Reform Ourselves
  When we come to the positive problem of what to do with children if
  we are to give up the established plan; we find the difficulties so great that
  we begin to understand why so many people who detest the system and
  look   back   with   loathing   on   their   own   schooldays;   must   helplessly   send
  their  children   to   the  very  schools they  themselves   were  sent   to;   because
  there   is   no   alternative   except   abandoning   the   children   to   undisciplined
  vagabondism。        Man   in   society   must   do   as   everybody   else   does   in   his
  class:    only fools and romantic novices imagine that freedom is a   mere
  matter of the readiness of the individual to snap his fingers at convention。
  It is true that most of us live in a condition of quite unnecessary inhibition;
  wearing      ugly   and   uncomfortable       clothes;   making     ourselves    and    other
  people miserable by the heathen horrors of mourning; staying away from
  the theatre because we cannot afford the stalls and are ashamed to go to
  the pit;   and in dozens   of   other ways   enslaving   ourselves   when   there   are
  comfortable   alternatives   open   to   us   without   any   real   drawbacks。         The
  contemplation   of   these   petty   slaveries;   and   of   the   triumphant   ease   with
  which   sensible   people   throw   them   off;   creates   an   impression   that   if   we
  only take   Johnson's   advice to free   our   minds  from cant;   we   can   achieve
  freedom。      But if we all freed our minds from cant we should find that for
  the most part   we   should have   to   go on doing the   necessary  work   of   the
  world exactly as we did it before until we organized new and free methods
  of doing it。     Many people believed in secondary co…education (boys and
  girls taught together) before schools like Bedales were founded:                     indeed
  the practice was common enough in elementary schools and in Scotland;
  but   their   belief   did   not   help   them   until   Bedales   and   St   George's   were
  organized; and there are still not nearly enough co…educational schools in
  existence to accommodate   all the children of   the parents   who believe   in
  co…education   up   to   university   age;   even   if   they   could   always   afford   the
  fees of these exceptional schools。            It may be edifying to tell a duke that
  our   public   schools   are   all   wrong   in   their   constitution   and   methods;   or   a
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  costermonger        that  children     should    be  treated    as  in  Goethe's     Wilhelm
  Meister instead of as they are treated at the elementary school at the corner
  of his street; but what are the duke and the coster to do?                 Neither of them
  has any  effective   choice in the   matter:          their   children   must   either go   to
  the schools that are; or to no school at all。             And as the duke thinks with
  reason that his son will be a lout or a milksop or a prig if he does not go to
  school;     and   the   coster    knows     that  his   son   will   become      an  illiterate
  hooligan if he is left to the streets; there is no real alternative for either of
  them。     Child   life   must   be   socially   organized:      no   p