第 12 节
作者:淋雨      更新:2021-12-07 09:32      字数:9320
  book of Numbers。          But as it is less trouble to set a lesson that you know
  yourself;   there   is   a   tendency   to   keep   repeating   the   already   learnt   lesson
  rather than break new ground。            At school I began with a fairly complete
  knowledge of Latin grammar in the childish sense of being able to repeat
  all the paradigms; and I was kept at this; or rather kept in a class where the
  master   never   asked   me   to   do   it   because   he   knew   I   could;   and   therefore
  devoted himself to trapping the boys who could not; until I finally forgot
  most   of   it。  But   when   progress   took   place;   what   did   it   mean?    First   it
  meant Caesar;   with the   foreknowledge that   to master   Caesar meant   only
  being   set   at   Virgil;   with   the   culminating   horror   of   Greek   and   Homer   in
  reserve at the end of that。        I preferred Caesar; because his statement that
  Gaul is divided   into three parts;  though   neither   interesting   nor true;  was
  the only Latin sentence I could translate at sight:             therefore the longer we
  stuck    at  Caesar    the  better   I  was   pleased。    Just    so  do   less  classically
  educated children see nothing in the mastery of addition but the beginning
  of subtraction; and so on through multiplication and division and fractions;
  with   the   black   cloud   of   algebra   on   the   horizon。   And   if   a   boy   rushes
  through all that; there is always the calculus to fall back on; unless indeed
  you insist on his learning music; and proceed to hit him if he cannot tell
  you the year Beethoven was born。
  A child has a right to finality as regards its compulsory lessons。 Also
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  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  as    regards     physical     training。      At     present    it   is  assumed       that   the
  schoolmaster has   a   right   to   force   every  child   into   an   attempt   to   become
  Porson and Bentley; Leibnitz and Newton; all rolled into one。 This is the
  tradition   of    the   oldest   grammar      schools。     In   our   times    an  even    more
  horrible   and   cynical   claim   has   been   made   for   the   right   to   drive   boys
  through compulsory games   in the playing fields   until they  are too   much
  exhausted       physically     to  do   anything     but   drop    off   to  sleep。    This     is
  supposed   to   protect   them   from   vice;   but   as   it   also   protects   them   from
  poetry; literature; music; meditation and prayer; it may be dismissed with
  the obvious remark that if boarding schools are places whose keepers are
  driven   to   such   monstrous   measures   lest   more   abominable   things   should
  happen; then the sooner boarding schools are violently abolished the better。
  It   is   true   that   society  may   make   physical   claims   on   the   child   as   well   as
  mental   ones:      the   child   must   learn   to   walk;   to   use   a   knife   and   fork;   to
  swim; to ride a bicycle; to acquire sufficient power of self…defence to make
  an attack on it an arduous and uncertain enterprise; perhaps to fly。                      What
  as a matter of common…sense it clearly has not a right to do is to make this
  an excuse for keeping the child slaving for ten hours at physical exercises
  on the ground that it is not yet as dexterous as Cinquevalli and as strong as
  Sandow。
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  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  The Rewards and Risks of
  Knowledge
  In   a   word;   we   have   no   right   to   insist   on   educating   a   child;   for   its
  education can end only with its life and will not even then be complete。
  Compulsory   completion          of   education    is  the  last  folly  of   a  rotten  and
  desperate civilization。       It is the rattle in its throat before dissolution。         All
  we     can   fairly   do   is  to  prescribe     certain   definite    acquirements      and
  accomplishments as qualifications for certain employments; and to secure
  them;   not   by   the   ridiculous   method   of   inflicting   injuries   on   the   persons
  who have not yet mastered them; but by attaching certain privileges (not
  pecuniary) to the employments。
  Most   acquirements        carry   their  own    privileges   with    them。    Thus    a
  baby  has   to   be   pretty  closely   guarded   and   imprisoned   because   it   cannot
  take   care   of   itself。 It   has   even   to   be   carried   about   (the   most   complete
  conceivable   infringement   of   its   liberty)   until   it   can   walk。   But   nobody
  goes on carrying children after they can walk lest they should walk into
  mischief;   though   Arab   boys   make   their   sisters   carry   them;   as   our   own
  spoiled     children    sometimes      make    their   nurses;   out   of  mere    laziness;
  because   sisters   in   the   East   and   nurses in   the West   are   kept   in   servitude。
  But in a society of equals (the only reasonable and permanently possible
  sort   of   society)   children   are   in   much   greater   danger   of   acquiring   bandy
  legs through being left to walk before they are strong enough than of being
  carried when they are well able to walk。             Anyhow; freedom of movement
  in a nursery is the reward of learning to walk; and in precisely the same
  way freedom of movement in a city is the reward of learning how to read
  public   notices;   and   to   count   and   use   money。    The   consequences   are   of
  course much larger than the mere ability to read the name of a street or the
  number of a railway platform and the destination of a train。                    When you
  enable a child to read these; you also enable it to read this preface; to the
  utter destruction; you may quite possibly think; of its morals and docility。
  You also expose it to the danger of being run over by taxicabs and trains。
  The   moral   and   physical   risks   of   education   are   enormous:        every   new
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  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  power   a   child    acquires;   from   speaking;   walking;   and       co…ordinating   its
  vision;     to  conquering      continents      and   founding      religions;    opens    up
  immense new possibilities of mischief。               Teach   a child to write and  you
  teach   it   how   to   forge:  teach   it   to   speak   and   you   teach   it   how   to   lie:
  teach it to walk and you teach it how to kick its mother to death。
  The great problem of slavery for those whose aim is to maintain it is
  the problem of reconciling the efficiency of the slave with the helplessness
  that keeps him in servitude; and this problem is fortunately not completely
  soluble; for it is not in fact found possible for a duke to treat his solicitor
  or his doctor as he treats his laborers; though they are all equally his slaves:
  the laborer being in fact less dependent on his favor than the professional
  man。 Hence it is that men come to resent; of all things; protection; because
  it so often means restriction of their liberty lest they should make a bad
  use of it。     If there are dangerous precipices about; it is much easier and
  cheaper to forbid people to walk near the edge than to put up an effective
  fence:     that is why both legislators and parents and the paid deputies of
  parents are always inhibiting and prohibiting and punishing and scolding
  and   laming   and   cramping   and   delaying   progress   and   growth   instead   of
  making   the   dangerous   places   as   safe   as   possible   and   then   boldly   taking
  and allowing others to take the irreducible minimum of risk。
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  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  English Physical Hardihood and
  Spiritual Cowardice
  It   is  easier  to  convert  most   people   to  the  need  for  allowing    their
  children to run physical risks than moral ones。         I can remember a relative
  of mine who; when I was a small child; unused to horses and very much
  afraid of them; insisted on putting me on a rather rumbustious pony with
  little spurs on my heels (knowing that in my agitation I would use them
  unconsciously); and being enormously amused at my terrors。                 Yet when
  that same lady discovered that I had found a copy of The Arabian Nights
  and was devouring it with avidity; she was horrified; and hid it away from
  me lest it should break my soul as the pony might have broken my neck。
  This   way