第 2 节
作者:淋雨      更新:2021-12-07 09:32      字数:9322
  its alleviation we trust to the natural affection of the parties; and to public
  opinion。      A father cannot for his own credit let his son go in rags。                  Also;
  in a very large section of the population; parents finally become dependent
  on their children。         Thus there are checks on child slavery which do not
  exist;   or   are   less   powerful;   in   the   case   of   manual   and   industrial   slavery。
  Sensationally   bad   cases   fall   into   two   classes;   which   are   really   the   same
  class:     namely; the children whose parents are excessively addicted to the
  sensual   luxury   of   petting   children;   and   the   children   whose   parents   are
  excessively   addicted   to   the   sensual   luxury   of   physically   torturing   them。
  There   is   a   Society   for   the   Prevention   of   Cruelty   to   Children   which   has
  effectually   made   an   end   of   our   belief   that   mothers   are   any   more   to   be
  trusted   than   stepmothers;   or   fathers   than   slave…drivers。         And   there   is   a
  growing body of law designed to prevent parents from using their children
  ruthlessly to make money for the household。                  Such legislation has always
  been   furiously  resisted   by  the   parents;   even   when   the   horrors   of   factory
  slavery were at their worst; and the extension of such legislation at present
  would be impossible if it were not that the parents affected by it cannot
  control a majority of votes in Parliament。               In domestic life a great deal of
  service   is   done   by   children;   the   girls   acting   as   nursemaids   and   general
  servants; and the lads as errand boys。              In the country both boys and girls
  do a substantial share of farm labor。 This is why it is necessary to coerce
  poor parents to send their children to school; though in the relatively small
  class which keeps plenty of servants it is impossible to induce parents to
  keep their children at home instead of paying schoolmasters to take them
  off their hands。
  It appears then that the bond of affection between parents and children
  does not   save   children  from  the   slavery  that denial   of   rights involves   in
  adult political relations。        It sometimes intensifies it; sometimes mitigates
  it;   but   on   the   whole   children   and   parents   confront   one   another   as   two
  classes in which all the political power is on one side; and the results are
  not    at   all  unlike    what    they    would     be   if  there    were    no   immediate
  consanguinity between them; and one were white and the other black; or
  one   enfranchised   and   the   other   disenfranchised;   or   one   ranked   as   gentle
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  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  and the other simple。           Not that Nature counts for nothing in the case and
  political   rights   for   everything。       But   a   denial   of   political   rights;   and   the
  resultant   delivery   of   one   class   into   the   mastery   of   another;   affects   their
  relations so   extensively  and   profoundly  that   it is   impossible   to   ascertain
  what   the   real   natural   relations   of   the   two   classes   are   until   this   political
  relation is abolished。
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  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  What is a Child?
  An experiment。       A fresh attempt to produce the just man made perfect:
  that is; to make humanity divine。           And you will vitiate the experiment if
  you make the slightest attempt to abort it into some fancy figure of your
  own:     for example; your notion of a good man or a womanly woman。                      If
  you treat it as a little wild beast to be tamed; or as a pet to be played with;
  or even as a means to save you trouble and to make money for you (and
  these are our commonest ways); it may fight its way through in spite of
  you and save its soul alive; for all its instincts will resist you; and possibly
  be   strengthened   in   the   resistance;   but   if   you   begin   with   its   own   holiest
  aspirations; and suborn them for your own purposes; then there is hardly
  any limit to the mischief you may do。            Swear at a child; throw your boots
  at it; send it flying from the room with a cuff or a kick; and the experience
  will be as instructive to the child as a difficulty with a short…tempered dog
  or a bull。    Francis Place tells us that his father always struck his children
  when   he   found   one   within   his   reach。    The   effect   on   the   young   Places
  seems to have been simply to   make them keep out of their father's way;
  which was no doubt what he desired; as far as he desired anything at all。
  Francis   records   the   habit   without   bitterness;   having   reason   to   thank   his
  stars   that   his   father   respected   the   inside   of   his   head   whilst   cuffing   the
  outside of it; and this made it easy for Francis to do yeoman's service to
  his country as that rare and admirable thing; a Freethinker:                the only sort
  of   thinker;    I  may    remark;    whose    thoughts;    and    consequently      whose
  religious convictions; command any respect。
  Now Mr Place; senior; would be described by  many as a bad father;
  and   I   do   not   contend   that   he   was   a   conspicuously   good   one。   But   as
  compared   with   the   conventional   good   father   who   deliberately   imposes
  himself on his son as a god; who takes advantage of childish credulity and
  parent worship to persuade his son that what he approves of is right and
  what he disapproves of is wrong; who imposes a corresponding conduct
  on    the  child   by   a  system    of  prohibitions    and   penalties;    rewards    and
  eulogies; for which he claims divine sanction:               compared to this sort of
  abortionist and monster maker; I say; Place appears almost as a Providence。
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  Not that it is possible to live with children any more than with grown…up
  people without imposing rules of conduct on them。                    There is a point at
  which   every   person   with   human   nerves   has   to   say   to   a   child   〃Stop   that
  noise。〃     But suppose the child asks why! There are various answers in use。
  The   simplest:     〃Because   it   irritates   me;〃   may   fail;   for   it   may   strike   the
  child    as  being    rather   amusing     to  irritate  you;   also   the  child;   having
  comparatively no nerves; may be unable to conceive your meaning vividly
  enough。      In any case it may want to make a noise more than to spare your
  feelings。 You may therefore have to explain that the effect of the irritation
  will be that you will do something unpleasant if the noise continues。 The
  something unpleasant may be only a look of suffering to rouse the child's
  affectionate sympathy (if it has any); or it may run to forcible expulsion
  from the room with plenty of unnecessary violence; but the principle is the
  same:      there    are   no  false   pretences     involved:    the   child   learns   in  a
  straightforward       way    that  it  does   not  pay   to   be  inconsiderate。      Also;
  perhaps; that Mamma; who made the child learn the Sermon on the Mount;
  is not really a Christian。
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  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  The Sin of Nadab and Abihu
  But    there   is  another   sort  of   answer    in  wide    use  which     is  neither
  straightforward;       instructive;    nor    harmless。      In   its   simplest    form    it
  substitutes for 〃Stop that noise;〃 〃Dont be naughty;〃 which means that the
  child; instead of annoying you by a perfectly healthy and natural infantile
  procedure; is offending God。           This is a blasphemous lie; and the fact that
  it   is   on   the   lips   of   every   nurserymaid   does   not   excuse   it   in   the   least。
  Dickens tells us of a nurserymaid who elaborated it into 〃If you do that;
  angels wont never love you。〃            I remember a servant who used to tell me
  that   if   I   were   not   good;   by   which   she   meant   if   I   did   not   behave   with   a
  single   eye   to   her   personal   convenience;   the   cock   would   come   down   the
  chimney。      Less imaginative but equally dishonest people told me I should
  go to hell if I did not make myself agreeable to them。                  Bodily violence;
  provided it be the hasty expression of normal provoked rese