shortened；　but　those　of　the　fore…arm　and　hand　are　little　inferior　in
  size　to　the　sound；　for　the　reasons　which　have　been　stated；　because　the
  humerus　is　the　bone　nearest　to　the　joint　affected；　and；　on　that
  account；　it　is　shorter　than　natural；　but　the　fore…arm　is　not　equally
  affected　by　the　accident；　because　the　joint　at　which　the　bones　of
  the　arm　and　forearm　are　articulated　remains　in　its　natural
  condition；　and　the　hand　is　still　further　distant　than　the　fore…arm
  from　the　seat　of　the　injury。　Such　are　the　reasons　why　certain　of　the
  bones　in　this　case　increase　in　growth；　and　certain　do　not。　The
  laborious　office　of　the　hand　contributes　much　to　the　development　of
  the　flesh　in　the　fore…arm　and　hand；　for　whatever　work　is　done　by　the
  hand；　these　weasel…armed　persons　strive　to　do　no　less　effectually　with
  the　other　hand　than　with　the　sound；　for　the　arms　do　not　support　the
  weight　of　the　body　like　the　legs；　and　the　work　performed　by　them　is
  light。　From　exercise；　then；　the　fleshy　parts　on　the　hand　and
  fore…arm　are　not　atrophied　in　weasel…armed　persons；　and　by　these　means
  the　arm；　too；　gains　flesh。　But　in　dislocation　inward　at　the　hip…joint；
  whether　from　birth　or　from　childhood；　the　fleshy　parts；　on　that
  account；　are　much　more　atrophied　than　those　of　the　hand；　because　the
  patients　cannot　exercise　the　leg。　Another　proof　will　be　given　in　the
  observations　which　will　be　presently　stated；　that　these　things　are
  such　as　I　things　are　such　as　I　have　represented。
  54。　When　the　head　of　the　femur　is　dislocated　outward；　the　limb　in
  these　cases；　when　compared　with　the　other；　appears　shortened；　and　this
  is　natural；　for　the　head　of　the　femur　no　longer　rests　on　a　bone　as
  in　dislocation　inward；　but　along　the　side　of　a　bone　which　naturally
  inclines　to　the　side；　and　it　is　lodged　in　flesh　of　a　pulpy　and
  yielding　nature；　and　on　that　account　it　appears　more　shortened。
  Inwardly；　the　thigh　about　the　perineum　appears　more　hollow　and　flabby；
  but　externally　the　buttock　is　more　rounded；　from　the　head　of　the　thigh
  having　slipped　outward；　but　the　nates　appear　to　be　raised　up；　owing　to
  the　flesh　there　having　yielded　to　the　head　of　the　thigh…bone；　but
  the　extremity　of　the　thigh…bone；　at　the　knee；　appears　to　be　turned
  inward；　and　the　leg　and　foot　in　like　manner；　neither　does　it　admit
  of　flexion　like　the　sound　limb。　These；　then；　are　the　symptoms　of
  dislocation　outward。
  55。　When　such　a　dislocation　is　not　reduced　in　adults；　the　whole　limb
  appears　to　be　shortened；　and　in　walking　they　cannot　reach　the　ground
  with　the　heel；　but　they　walk　with　the　ball　of　the　foot　on　the
  ground；　and　the　points　of　their　toes　incline　a　little　inward。　But
  the　injured　limb；　in　this　case；　can　support　the　body　much　better
  than　in　dislocation　inward；　both　because　the　head　of　the　femur　and　the
  neck　of　its　articular　extremity；　being　naturally　oblique；　have
  formed　a　bed　under　a　considerable　portion　of　the　hip；　and　because
  the　extremity　of　the　foot　is　not　forcibly　turned　outward；　but　is
  nearly　in　a　line　with　the　body；　and　is　even　inclined　more　inwardly。
  When；　then；　the　articular　extremity　of　the　femur　has　worn　out　a　socket
  for　itself　in　the　flesh　where　it　was　lodged；　and　the　flesh　is
  lubricated；　it　ceases　to　be　painful　in　the　course　of　time；　and　when　it
  becomes　free　from　pain；　they　can　walk　without　a　staff；　if　so　inclined；
  and　they　can　support　the　body　on　the　injured　limb。　From　usage　then；　in
  such　cases；　the　fleshy　parts　are　less　enervated　than　in　those　which
  have　been　mentioned　a　little　before；　still；　however；　they　lose　their
  strength　more　or　less；　but　in　general　there　is　more　enervation　when
  the　dislocation　is　inward　than　when　it　is　outward。　Some　of　them；　then；
  cannot　wear　their　shoes；　owing　to　the　unbending　state　of　their　leg；
  and　some　of　them　can。　But　when　this　dislocation　takes　place　in
  utero；　and　when　the　dislocation　having　occurred　at　any　time　before
  manhood；　from　violence；　has　not　been　replaced；　or　when　from　disease
  the　articular　extremity　has　started　from　its　socket；　and　is
  displaced　（for　many　such　cases　occur；　and　from　some　of　them；　if　the
  femur　become　necrosed；　obstinate　suppurations　requiring　the　use　of
  tents　are　formed；　and　in　certain　of　them　the　bone　is　laid　bare）；
  whether　the　bone　become　necrosed　or　not；　the　bone　of　the　thigh　is　much
  shortened；　and　does　not　usually　grow　like　the　sound　one；　the　bones；
  too；　of　the　leg；　become　shorter　than　those　of　the　other；　but　in　a
  small　degree；　for　the　same　reasons　that　were　formerly　stated；　such
  persons　can　walk；　some　of　them　in　the　same　fashion　as　adults　having　an
  unreduced　dislocation；　and　some　of　them　walk　with　the　whole　foot　on
  the　ground；　but　limp　in　walking；　being　obliged　to　do　so　by　the
  shortness　of　the　limb。　Such　is　the　result；　even　though　they　be
  carefully　and　properly　trained　in　the　attitudes　before　they　have
  strength　for　walking；　and　in　like　manner　also；　after　they　have
  acquired　the　necessary　strength；　but　those　persons　require　the　most
  care　who　were　very　young　when　they　met　with　the　accident；　for；　if
  neglected　while　children；　the　limb　becomes　entirely　useless　and
  atrophied。　The　fleshy　parts　of　the　entire　limb　are　more　wasted　than
  those　of　the　sound　limb；　but　this　is　much　less　apt　to　happen　in
  their　case　than　in　dislocation　inward；　owing　to　usage　and　exercise；　as
  they　are　speedily　able　to　make　use　of　the　limb；　as　was　stated　a　little
  before　with　regard　to　the　weasel…armed　（galiancones）。
  56。　There　are　persons　who；　from　birth　or　from　disease；　have
  dislocations　outward　of　both　the　thighs；　in　them；　then；　the　bones
  are　affected　in　like　manner；　but　the　fleshy　parts　in　their　case　lose
  their　strength　less；　the　legs；　too；　are　plump　and　fleshy；　except
  that　there　is　some　little　deficiency　at　the　inside；　and　they　are　plump
  because　they　have　the　equal　use　of　both　their　legs；　for　in　walking
  they　totter　equally　to　this　side　that。　Their　nates　appear　very
  prominent；　from　the　displacement　of　the　bones　of　the　joint。　But　if
  in　their　case　the　bones　do　not　sphacelate　（become　carious？）　and　if
  they　do　not　become　bent　above　the　hip…joint；　if　nothing　of　this　kind
  happen　to　them；　they　become　otherwise　sufficiently　healthy；　but　the
  growth　of　all　the　rest　of　the　body；　with　the　exception　of　the　head；　is
  arrested。
  57。　In　dislocations　of　the　head　of　the　femur　backward；　which
  rarely　occur；　the　patient　cannot　extend　the　leg；　either　at　the
  dislocated　joint；　or　at　the　ham；　to　any　extent；　and　of　all　the
  dislocations；　this　is　the　variety　in　which　the　patients　have　the　least
  power　of　making　extension　at　the　groin　and　the　ham。　But；　moreover；
  this　also　should　be　known　（for　it　is　a　valuable　piece　of　knowledge；
  and　of　much　importance；　and　yet　most　yet　most　people　are　ignorant　of
  it）；　that　persons　in　health　cannot　extend　the　joint　at　the　ham；　if
  they　do　not　extend　the　joint　at　the　groin　at　the　same　time；　unless
  they　raise　the　foot　very　high；　for　in　this　way　they　could　do　it；
  neither　also　could　they　bend　the　joint　at　the　ham；　but　with　much
  greater　difficulty；　if　they　do　not　bend　the　joint　at　the　groin　at
  the　same　time。　There　are　many　other　things　in　the　body　which　have
  similar　connections；　both　with　regard　to　the　contractions　of　nerves
  （ligaments？）；　and　the　positions　of　muscles；　and　many　of　them　more
  worthy　of　being　known　than　is　generally　supposed；　and　with　regard　to
  the　nature　of　the　intestine　and　that　of　the　whole　internal　cavity；　and
  with　regard　to　the　displacements　and　contractions　of　the　uterus；　but
  all　these　things　will　be　treated　of　elsewhere；　in　a　work　akin　to　the
  present　one。　But　with　regard　to　the　matter　on　hand；　they　cannot　make
  extension；　as　has　been　already　stated；　and　the　limb　appears　shortened；
  for　two　reasons…first；　because　it　cannot　be　extended；　and　also　because
  the　bone　has　slipped　into　the　flesh　of　the　nates；　for　the　head　and
  neck　of　the　femur；　in　this　dislocation；　are　carried　downward　from
  their　natural　situation；　to　the　outside　of　the　nates。　But　yet　they　can
  bend　the　limb；　unless　prevented　by　pain；　and　the　leg　and　foot　appear
  pretty　straight；　and　not　much　inclined　toward　either　side；　but　at
  the　groin　the　flesh；　when　felt；　appears　looser；　from　the　bone　of　the
  joint　having　slipped　to　the　other　side；　but　at　the　nates　the　head　of
  the　femur　may　be　felt　to　be　more　prominent　than　natural。　Such　are
  the　symptoms　accompanying　dislocation　of　the　thigh　backward。
  58。　When　this　dislocation　occurs　in　an　adult；　and　is　not　reduced；　he
  can　walk；　indeed；　after　a　time；　and　when　the　pain　has　abated；　and　when
  he　has　been　accustomed　to　rotate　the　articular　bone　in　the　flesh；　he
  finds　it　necessary；　however；　to　make　strong　flexion　at　the　groin　in
  walking；　for　two　reasons；　both　because　the　limb；　for　the　causes
  already　stated；　becomes　much　shorter；　and　he　is　far　from　touching
  the　ground　with　his　heel；　and　he　can　barely　reach　it　with　the　ball
  of　his　foot；　and　not　even　thus；　unless　he　bend　himself　at　the
  groins；　and　also　bend　with　the　other　leg　at　the　ham。　And　in　this　case；
  he　is　under　the　necessity　of　supporting　the　upper　part　of　the　thigh
  with　his　hand　at　each　step：　this　also　contributes；　in　a　certain
  degree；　to　make　him　bend　the　body　at　the　groins；　for；　during　the
  shifting　of　the　feet　in　walking；　the　body　cannot　be　supported　on　the
  unsound　be　supported　on