if；　without　making　extension　at　all；　one　were　only　to　press　down
  properly　with　the　board；　sufficient　force　might　be　applied　in　this
  way。　Such　powers；　then；　are　excellent　which　admit　of　being　so
  regulated；　that　they　can　be　made　weaker　and　stronger　as　required。
  And　the　forces　are　applied　in　the　natural　way；　for　the　pressure
  above　forces　the　displaced　parts　into　their　place。　Natural　extension
  restores　parts　which　have　come　too　near　one　another　to　their　natural
  position。　I；　then；　am　acquainted　with　no　powers　which　are　better　or
  more　appropriate　than　these；　for　extension　along　the　spine　downward
  has　no　proper　hold　at　the　bone　called　the　os　sacrum；　and　extension
  upward；　along　the　neck　and　head；　has　indeed　a　hold；　but　extension　thus
  made　is　unseemly　to　behold；　and；　besides；　if　increased；　may　occasion
  much　mischief　otherwise。　I　once　made　trial　of　the　following　plan。
  Having　placed　the　patient　on　his　back；　I　put　below　the　hump　a　bladder；
  not　inflated；　and　afterward　introduced　air　into　the　bladder　by　means
  of　a　brass　pipe　connected　with　it。　But　the　experiment　did　not　succeed；
  for；　when　the　man　was　fairly　extended；　the　bladder　yielded；　and　the
  air　could　not　be　forced　into　it；　and；　besides；　the　hump　of　the　patient
  was　apt　to　slip　off　the　distended　bladder　when　they　were　pressed
  together。　But　when　I　did　not　extend　the　man　strongly；　the　bladder
  was　swelled　up　by　the　air；　and　the　man　became　more　bent　forward　than
  proper。　I　have　written　this　expressly；　for　it　is　a　valuable　piece　of
  knowledge　to　learn　what　things　have　been　tried　and　have　proved
  ineffectual；　and　wherefore　they　did　not　succeed。
  48。　In　curvatures　forward　of　the　vertebrae　from　a　fall；　or　from　some
  heavy　body　falling　upon　them；　in　general　no　one　of　them　is　displaced
  far　beyond　the　others；　but　if　one　or　more　be　so　displaced；　the　case
  proves　fatal；　but；　not　withstanding；　as　formerly　stated；　the
  displacement　is　circular；　and　not　angular。　In　such　cases；　then；　the
  urine　and　faeces　are　more　apt　to　be　retained　than　in　displacement
  outward；　the　feet　and　the　whole　inferior　extremities　are　colder；　and
  the　symptoms　are　more　fatal　than　in　the　former　case；　and　if　they　do
  survive；　they　are　more　subject　to　retention　of　the　urine；　and　to
  loss　of　strength；　and　to　torpor　in　their　legs。　But　if　the　displacement
  be　in　the　upper　part；　they　experience　loss　of　strength　and　torpor　of
  the　whole　body。　I　know　no　mechanical　contrivance　by　which　such　a
  displacement　could　be　reduced；　unless　that　one　might　be　benefited　by
  succussion　on　a　bladder；　or　any　other　similar　plan　of　treatment；
  such　as　extension；　as　formerly　described。　I　am　not　aware　of　any　mode
  of　pressure　which　might　be　applied　along　with　the　extension；　like　that
  of　the　board　in　displacement　backward；　for　how　could　one　apply
  pressure　from　before　through　the　belly？　（internal　cavity？）　The　thing
  is　impossible。　But　neither　coughing　nor　sneezing　has　any　power　so　as
  to　cooperate　with　the　extension；　nor　would　the　injection　of　air　into
  the　bowels　have　any　effect。　And　to　apply　large　cupping　instruments
  with　the　view　of　drawing　back　the　vertebrae　which　have　protruded
  forward；　shows　a　great　error　of　judgment；　for　they　rather　propel
  than　attract；　and　those　who　apply　them　are　not　aware　even　of　this
  fact；　for　the　greater　will　be　the　inclination　forward　the　greater
  the　instrument　applied；　the　skin　being　forcibly　drawn　into　the
  cupping…instrument。　I　could　tell　of　other　modes　of　succussion　than
  those　formerly　described；　which　one　might　fancy　would　be　more
  applicable　in　such　an　affection；　but　I　have　no　great　confidence　in
  them；　and　therefore　I　do　not　describe　them。　On　the　main；　it　should
  be　known；　respecting　the　accidents　which　I　have　briefly　described；
  that　displacements　forward　are　of　a　fatal　and　injurious　nature；　but
  that　displacements　backward；　for　the　most　part；　do　not　prove　fatal；
  nor　occasion　retention　of　urine　nor　torpor　of　the　limbs；　for　they　do
  not　stretch　the　ducts　leading　toward　the　intestines；　nor　occasion
  obstruction　of　the　same；　but　displacements　forward　produce　both
  these　bad　effects；　and　many　others　in　addition。　And　truly　they　are
  more　apt　to　lose　the　power　of　their　legs　and　arms；　to　have　torpor　of
  the　body；　and　retention　of　urine；　who　experience　no　displacement
  either　forward　or　backward；　but　merely　a　violent　concussion　along
  the　spine；　while　those　who　have　displacement　backward　are　least
  subject　to　these　symptoms。
  49。　And　one　might　observe　many　other　instances　in　medicine；　of
  considerable　injuries　not　proving　serious；　but　producing　a　crisis　in
  some　affection；　while　less　considerable　injuries　prove　more　serious；
  give　rise　to　chronic　diseases；　and　extend　their　effects　to　the　whole
  system。　Now　something　similar　may　happen　in　fracture　of　the　ribs；
  for　in　fracture　of　one　or　more　ribs；　in　general；　if　the　fractured
  bones　are　not　driven　inward；　nor　are　laid　bare；　fever　rarely
  supervenes；　neither　does　it　often　happen　that　there　is　haemoptysis；
  empyema；　and　suppurating　sores；　which　require　treatment　with　pledgets；
  nor　necrosis　of　the　bones；　and　in　these　cases　the　ordinary　regimen
  is　sufficient。　For；　unless　they　be　seized　with　continual　fever；　a
  strict　diet　does　more　harm　than　good；　by　inducing　inanition；　and
  increasing　the　pain；　fever；　and　cough；　for　moderate　fullness　of　the
  intestines　has　a　tendency　to　replace　the　ribs；　while　evacuation
  leads　to　suspension　of　the　ribs；　and　suspension　induces　pain。　Ordinary
  bandaging；　externally；　is　sufficient　in　such　cases；　the　bandages
  should　be　applied　moderately　tight；　along　with　cerate　and
  compresses；　or　a　pad　of　wool　may　be　applied。　The　rib　is　consolidated
  in　twenty　days；　for　callus　soon　forms　in　such　bones。
  50。　But　when　there　is　contusion　of　the　flesh　about　the　ribs；
  either　from　a　blow；　or　a　fall；　or　a　bruise；　or　any　like　cause；　there
  is　often　copious　vomiting　of　blood；　for　there　are　canals　stretched
  along　the　vacuity　of　each　rib　（intercostal　space？）；　and　nerves
  proceeding　from　the　most　important　parts　of　the　body　have　their　origin
  there。　Many　of　these；　therefore；　are　troubled　with　coughs；
  tubercles；　empyema；　external　suppurations；　and　sphacelus　of　the
  ribs。　And　even　when　no　such　symptoms　supervene　from　contusion　of　the
  skin　about　the　ribs；　still　in　such　cases　there　is；　generally；　more
  combined　pain　than　in　fractures　of　the　ribs；　and　relapses　of　pain　in
  the　seat　of　the　injury　are　more　apt　to　occur。　Wherefore　some
  physicians　pay　much　less　attention　to　such　injuries；　than　where　the
  rib　is　fractured；　whereas；　if　they　were　wise；　they　would　treat　such
  cases　with　far　greater　care　than　the　other；　for　it　is　proper　that
  the　diet　should　be　restricted；　that　the　patients　should　remain　at　rest
  as　much　as　possible；　and　abstain　from　venery；　from　fat　articles　of
  food；　from　such　as　excite　cough；　and　from　everything　strong；　they
  should　be　bled　in　the　arm；　speak　as　little　as　possible；　should　have
  the　contused　part　bound　round　with　folded　compresses；　plenty　of
  bandages；　broader　than　the　contusion；　and　which　should　be　smeared　with
  cerate；　in　applying　the　bandages；　broad　and　soft　shawls　should　be
  used；　and　they　should　be　put　on　moderately　firm；　so　that　the　patient
  will　say　that　they　are　neither　too　tight　nor　loose；　and　the
  bandaging　should　commence　at　the　seat　of　the　injury；　and　be　made
  more　particularly　tight　there；　and　the　bandaging　should　be　conducted
  as　is　done　with　a　double…headed　roller；　so　that　the　skin　about　the
  ribs　may　not　be　ruffled；　but　may　lie　smooth；　and　the　bandaging
  should　be　renewed　every　day；　or　every　alternate　day。　It　is　better　also
  to　open　the　bowels　with　some　gentle　medicine；　so　as　just　to　produce　an
  evacuation　of　the　food；　and　the　diet　is　to　be　restricted　for　ten　days；
  and　then　the　body　is　to　be　recruited　and　filled　up；　while　you　are　upon
  the　reducing　system；　the　bandaging　should　be　tighter；　but　when　you　are
  making　him　up　again；　it　must　be　looser；　and；　if　he　spit　blood　from　the
  commencement；　the　treatment　and　bandaging　should　be　continued　for
  forty　days；　but　if　there　be　no　haemoptysis；　treatment　for　twenty
  days　will　generally　be　sufficient；　but　the　length　of　time　must　be
  regulated　by　the　magnitude　of　the　injury。　When　such　contusions　are
  neglected；　if　no　greater　mischief　result　there　from；　at　all　events　the
  bruised　part　has　its　flesh　more　pulpy　than　it　had　formerly。　When；
  therefore；　any　such　thing　is　left　behind；　and　is　not　properly
  dissipated　by　the　treatment；　it　will　be　worse　if　the　mucosity　be
  lodged　near　the　bone；　for　the　flesh　no　longer　adheres　to　the　bone　as
  formerly；　the　bone　becomes　diseased；　and　chronic　sloughings　of　the
  bone　in　many　cases　arise　from　such　causes。　But　if　the　mischief　be
  not　upon　the　bone；　but　it　is　the　flesh　itself　which　is　pulpy；　relapses
  and　pains　will　return　from　time　to　time；　if　there　happen　to　be　any
  disorder　in　the　body；　wherefore　proper　bandaging；　and　for　a
  considerable　time；　must　be　had　recourse　to；　until　the　extravasated
  blood　forming　in　the　bruise　be　dried　up　and　absorbed；　and　the　part
  be　made　up　with　sound　flesh；　and　the　flesh　adhere　to　the　bone。　The
  best　cure　is　the　cautery　in　those　cases　which；　from　neglect；　have
  become　chronic；　and　the　place　turns　painful；　and　the　flesh　is　pulpy。
  And　when　the　flesh　itself　is　pulpy；　the　burning　should　be　carried　as
  fa