第 40 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9322
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  in   the   present   system   are   vastly   greater   than   is   necessary;   nor   that   they
  might be immeasurably diminished by a suitable form of Socialism。 A few
  fortunate   people;   it   is   true;   are   now   enabled   to   live   freely   on   rent   or
  interest;   and   they   could   hardly   have   more   liberty   under   another   system。
  But the great bulk; not only of the very poor; but; of all sections of wage…
  earners and even of the professional classes; are the slaves of the need for
  getting money。 Almost all are compelled to work so hard that they have
  little leisure for enjoyment or for pursuits outside their regular occupation。
  Those who are able to retire in later middle age are bored; because they
  have not learned how to fill their time when they are at liberty; and such
  interests as they once had apart from work have dried up。 Yet these are the
  exceptionally fortunate: the majority have to work hard till old age; with
  the   fear of   destitution   always   before   them;   the   richer ones   dreading   that
  they will be unable to give their children the education or the medical care
  that they consider desirable; the poorer ones often not far removed from
  starvation。 And almost all who work have no voice in the direction of their
  work; throughout the hours of labor they are mere machines carrying out
  the will of a master。 Work is usually done under disagreeable conditions;
  involving pain and physical hardship。 The only motive to work is wages:
  the   very   idea   that   work   might   be   a   joy;   like   the   work   of   the   artist;   is
  usually scouted as utterly Utopian。
  But by far the greater part of these evils are wholly unnecessary。 If the
  civilized     portion    of  mankind      could    be   induced     to  desire    their   own
  happiness   more   than   another's   pain;   if   they   could   be   induced   to   work
  constructively      for   improvements       which     they  would     share   with   all  the
  world   rather   than   destructively   to   prevent   other   classes   or   nations   from
  stealing a march on them; the whole system by which the world's work is
  done might be reformed root and branch within a generation。
  From the point of view of liberty; what system would be the best? In
  what direction should we wish the forces of progress to move?                     From this
  point of view; neglecting for the moment all other considerations; I have
  no   doubt   that   the   best   system   would   be   one   not   far   removed   from   that
  advocated by Kropotkin; but rendered more practicable by the adoption of
  the main principles of Guild Socialism。 Since every point can be disputed;
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  I   will   set   down   without   argument   the   kind   of   organization   of   work   that
  would seem best。
  Education should be compulsory up to the age of 16; or perhaps longer;
  after   that;   it   should   be   continued   or   not   at   the   option   of   the   pupil;   but
  remain free   (for   those   who   desire it) up   to   at least the   age of 21。 When
  education is finished no one should be COMPELLED to work; and those
  who   choose   not   to   work   should   receive   a   bare   livelihood;   and   be   left
  completely free; but probably it would be desirable that there should be a
  strong   public   opinion   in   favor   of   work;   so   that   only   comparatively   few
  should      choose      idleness。    One     great    advantage       of   making      idleness
  economically        possible     is  that  it  would     afford   a   powerful     motive     for
  making   work   not   disagreeable;   and   no   community   where   most   work   is
  disagreeable can be said to have found a solution of economic problems。 I
  think it is reasonable to assume that few would choose idleness; in view of
  the fact that even now at least nine out of ten of those who have (say) 100
  pounds   a   year   from  investments   prefer   to   increase   their   income   by   paid
  work。
  Coming   now   to   that   great   majority   who   will   not   choose   idleness;   I
  think we may assume that; with the help of science; and by the elimination
  of    the   vast   amount      of  unproductive       work     involved     in   internal    and
  international competition; the whole community could be kept in comfort
  by    means     of   four   hours'    work    a   day。   It  is  already    being    urged    by
  experienced employers that their employes can actually produce as much
  in   a   six…hour   day   as   they   can   when   they   work   eight   hours。   In   a   world
  where   there   is   a   much   higher   level of   technical   instruction than   there   is
  now the same tendency will be accentuated。 People will be taught not only;
  as at present; one trade; or one small portion of a trade; but several trades;
  so   that   they   can   vary   their   occupation   according   to   the   seasons   and   the
  fluctuations of demand。 Every industry will be self…governing as regards
  all    its  internal    affairs;   and    even    separate     factories    will   decide     for
  themselves all questions that only concern those who work in them。 There
  will    not  be   capitalist   management;        as   at  present;   but   management        by
  elected representatives; as in politics。 Relations between different groups
  of producers will be settled by the Guild Congress; matters concerning the
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  community as the inhabitants of a certain area will continue to be decided
  by    Parliament;    while    all  disputes   between     Parliament    and    the  Guild
  Congress will be decided by a body composed of representatives of both
  in equal numbers。
  Payment      will  not  be   made;    as  at  present;   only   for  work   actually
  required     and   performed;    but   for  willingness    to  work。    This   system    is
  already adopted in much of the better paid work: a man occupies a certain
  position; and retains it even at times when there happens to be very little to
  do。   The   dread   of   unemployment   and   loss   of   livelihood   will   no   longer
  haunt men like a nightmare。 Whether all who are willing to work will be
  paid equally; or whether exceptional skill will still command exceptional
  pay; is   a  matter  which may  be left   to each   guild to   decide for  itself。 An
  opera…singer who received no more pay than a scene…shifter might choose
  to be a scene…shifter until the system was changed: if so; higher pay would
  probably be found necessary。 But if it were freely voted by the Guild; it
  could hardly constitute a grievance。
  Whatever   might   be   done   toward   making   work   agreeable;   it   is   to   be
  presumed that some trades would always remain unpleasant。 Men could be
  attracted into these by higher pay or shorter hours; instead of being driven
  into    them   by   destitution。   The   community       would    then   have   a  strong
  economic motive for finding ways of diminishing the disagreeableness of
  these exceptional trades。
  There would still have to be money; or something analogous to it; in
  any  community   such   as   we   are   imagining。 The Anarchist   plan   of   a   free
  distribution of the total produce of work in equal shares does not get rid of
  the need for some standard of exchange value; since one man will choose
  to take his share in one form and another in another。 When the day comes
  for distributing luxuries; old ladies will not want their quota of cigars; nor
  young men their just proportion of lap…dog; this will make it necessary to
  know     how    many    cigars   are  the  equivalent    of  one   lap…dog。    Much    the
  simplest way is to pay an income; as at present; and allow relative values
  to be adjusted according to demand。 But if actual coin were paid; a man
  might hoard it and in time become a capitalist。 To prevent this; it would be
  best to pay notes available only during a certain period; say one year from
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  the   date   of   issue。   This   would   enable   a   man   to   save   up   for   his   annual
  holiday; but not to save indefinitely。
  There is a very great deal to be said for the Anarchist plan of allowing
  necessaries; and all commodities that can easily be produced in quantities
  adequate to any possible demand; to be given away freely to al