第 36 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9322
  acquires his education; or he must show so much ability at an early age as
  to enable him to subsist on scholarships until he is ready to earn his living。
  The former condition is; of course; a mere matter of luck; and could not be
  preserved in its present form under any kind of Socialism or Communism。
  This loss is emphasized by defenders of the present system; and no doubt
  it   would   be;   to   same   extent;   a   real   loss。   But   the   well…to…do   are   a   small
  proportion   of   the   population;   and   presumably   on   the   average   no   more
  talented     by    nature    than    their   less   fortunate     contemporaries。       If   the
  advantages   which   are   enjoyed   now   by   those   few   among   them   who   are
  capable   of   good   work   in   science   or   art   could   be   extended;   even   in   a
  slightly attenuated form; to all who are similarly gifted; the result would
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  almost infallibly be a gain; and much ability which is now wasted would
  be rendered fruitful。 But how is this to be effected?
  The   system   of   scholarships   obtained   by   competition;   though   better
  than nothing; is objectionable from many points of view。 It introduces the
  competitive spirit into the work of the very young; it makes them regard
  knowledge   from   the   standpoint   of   what   is   useful   in   examinations   rather
  than in the light of its intrinsic interest or importance; it places a premium
  upon that sort of ability which is displayed precociously in glib answers to
  set   questions   rather   than   upon   the   kind   that   broods   on   difficulties   and
  remains for a time rather dumb。 What is perhaps worse than any of these
  defects   is   the   tendency   to   cause   overwork   in   youth;   leading   to   lack   of
  vigor   and   interest    when   manhood        has   been    reached。   It  can   hardly   be
  doubted   that   by  this   cause;   at   present;   many  fine   minds   have   their   edge
  blunted and their keenness destroyed。
  State   Socialism   might   easily   universalize   the   system   of   scholarships
  obtained by competitive examination; and if it did so it is to he feared that
  it would be very harmful。 State Socialists at present tend to be enamored
  of   the   systems   which   is   exactly  of   the   kind   that   every  bureaucrat   loves:
  orderly;   neat;   giving   a   stimulus   to   industrious   habits;   and   involving   no
  waste of a sort that could be tabulated in statistics or accounts of public
  expenditure。 Such men will argue that free higher education is expensive
  to   the   community;       and    only   useful    in  the   case   of   those    who    have
  exceptional abilities; it ought; therefore; they will say; not to be given to
  all; but   only  to   those   who   will become   more   useful   members   of   society
  through   receiving   it。   Such   arguments   make   a   great   appeal   to   what   are
  called ‘‘practical'' men; and the answers to them are of a sort which it is
  difficult     to  render     widely     convincing。      Revolt     against    the   evils   of
  competition is; however; part of the very essence of the Socialist's protest
  against the existing order; and on this ground; if on no other; those who
  favor Socialism may be summoned to look for some better solution。
  Much   the   simplest   solution;   and   the   only   really   effective   one;   is   to
  make every kind of education free up to the age of twenty…one for all boys
  and girls who desire it。 The majority will be tired of education before that
  age; and will prefer to begin other work sooner; this will lead to a natural
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  selection   of   those   with   strong   interests   in   some   pursuit   requiring   a   long
  training。   Among   those   selected   in   this   way   by   their   own          inclinations;
  probably almost all tho have marked abilities of the kind in question will
  be   included。   It   is   true   that   there   will   also   be   many   who   have   very   little
  ability;    the   desire   to  become      a  painter;    for  example;      is  by   no   means
  confined to those who can paint。 But this degree of waste could well be
  borne   by   the   community;   it   would   be   immeasurably   less   than   that   now
  entailed by the support of the idle rich。 Any system which aims at avoiding
  this kind of waste must entail the   far more serious waste of rejecting  or
  spoiling   some   of   the   best   ability   in   each   generation。 The  system  of   free
  education up to any grade for all who desire it is the only system which is
  consistent with   the principles   of liberty;  and   the   only  one   which gives   a
  reasonable hope of affording full scope for talent。 This system is equally
  compatible with all forms of Socialism and Anarchism。 Theoretically; it is
  compatible with capitalism; but practically it is so opposite in spirit that it
  would hardly be feasible without a complete economic reconstruction。 The
  fact that Socialism  would facilitate   it must   be reckoned   a very  powerful
  argument in favor of change; for the waste of talent at present in the poorer
  classes of society must be stupendous。
  2。 Liberty to follow the creative impulse。 When a man's training has
  been completed; if he is possessed of really great abilities; he will do his
  best work if he is completely free to follow his bent; creating what seems
  good   to   him;   regardless   of the   judgment   of   ‘‘experts。'' At   present   this   is
  only   possible   for   two   classes   of   people:   those   who   have   private   means;
  and   those   who   can   earn   a   living   by   an   occupation   that   does   not   absorb
  their whole energies。 Under Socialism; there will be no one with private
  means;      and   if  there   is  to   be  no   loss   as   regards    art  and    science;    the
  opportunity       which     now    comes     by   accident     to  a  few    will   have    to  be
  provided deliberately for a much larger number。 The men who have used
  private   means   as   an   opportunity   for   creative   work   have   been   few   but
  important:       one   might     mention     Milton;     Shelley;    Keats    and    Darwin     as
  examples。 Probably none of these would have produced as good work if
  they   had   had   to   earn   their   livelihood。   If   Darwin   had   been   a   university
  teacher;   he   would   of   course   have   been   dismissed   from   his   post   by   the
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  influence of the clerics on account of his scandalous theories。
  Nevertheless;   the   bulk   of   the   creative   work   of   the   world   is   done   at
  present     by   men    who    subsist    by   some    other   occupation。      Science;    and
  research generally; are usually done in their spare time by men who live by
  teaching。      There    is  no   great   objection     to  this  in  the   case   of   science;
  provided the number of   hours devoted to teaching is not excessive。 It is
  partly because science and teaching are so easily combined that science is
  vigorous in the present age。 In music; a composer who is also a performer
  enjoys   similar   advantages;   but   one   who   is   not   a   performer   must   starve;
  unless he is rich or willing to pander to the public taste。 In the fine arts; as
  a rule; it is not easy in the modern world either to make a living by really
  good work or to find a subsidiary profession which leaves enough leisure
  for creation。 This is presumably one reason; though by no means the only
  one; why art is less flourishing than science。
  The bureaucratic State Socialist will have a simple solution for these
  difficulties。     He   will   appoint     a  body    consisting     of   the   most    eminent
  celebrities in an art or a science; whose business it shall be to judge the
  work of young men; and to issue licenses to those whose productions find
  favor in their eyes。 A licensed artist shall be considered to have performed
  his   duty  to   the   community  by  producing   works   of   art。   But   of   course   he
  will have to prove his industry by never failing to produce in reasonable
  quantities; and his continued ability by never failing to please his eminent
  judgesuntil; in the fulness of time; he becomes a judge himself。 In this
  way; the authorities will insure that the artist shall be competent; regular;
  and obedient to the best traditions of his art。 Those who fail to fulfil these
  conditio