第 35 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9322
  SCIENCE AND ART UNDER SOCIALISM
  SOCIALISM has been advocated by most of its champions chiefly as
  a means of increasing the welfare of the wage earning classes; and more
  particularly their material welfare。 It has seemed accordingly; to some men
  whose aims are not material; as if it has nothing to offer toward the general
  advancement   of   civilization   in   the   way   of   art   and   thought。   Some   of   its
  advocates;      moreoverand       among      these   Marx     must   be   includedhave
  written;  no   doubt   not   deliberately;   as   if   with   the   Socialist   revolution   the
  millennium   would   have   arrived;   and   there   would   be   no   need   of   further
  progress   for   the   human   race。   I   do   not   know   whether   our   age   is   more
  restless than that which preceded it; or whether it has merely become more
  impregnated with the idea of evolution; but; for whatever reason; we have
  grown      incapable     of  believing    in  a   state  of  static   perfection;    and   we
  demand; of any social system; which is to have our approval; that it shall
  contain     within    itself  a  stimulus     and   opportunity     for   progress    toward
  something still better。 The doubts thus raised by Socialist writers make it
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  necessary to inquire whether Socialism would in fact be hostile to art and
  science; and whether it would be likely to produce a stereotyped society in
  which progress would become difficult and slow。
  It is not enough that men and women should be made comfortable in a
  material sense。 Many members of the well…to…do classes at present; in spite
  of opportunity; contribute nothing of value to the life of the world; and do
  not    even   succeed    in  securing    for   themselves     any   personal    happiness
  worthy to be so called。 The multiplication of such individuals would be an
  achievement of the very minutest value; and if Socialism were merely to
  bestow upon all the kind of life and outlook which is now enjoyed by the
  more     apathetic   among     the   well…to…do;    it  would   offer   little  that  could
  inspire enthusiasm in any generous spirit。
  ‘‘The true role of collective existence;'' says M。 Naquet;'57''' 。 。 。 is to
  learn; to discover; to know。 Eating; drinking; sleeping; living; in a word; is
  a mere accessory。 In this respect; we are not distinguished from the brute。
  Knowledge        is  the  goal。   If  I  were   condemned       to  choose     between     a
  humanity materially happy; glutted after the manner of a flock of sheep in
  a field; and a humanity existing in misery; but from which emanated; here
  and there; some eternal truth; it is on the latter that my choice would fall。''
  '57' ‘‘L'Anarchie et le Collectivisme;'' p。 114。
  This statement puts the alternative in a very extreme form in which it
  is somewhat unreal。 It may be said in reply that for those who have had the
  leisure and the opportunity to enjoy ‘‘eternal truths'' it is easy to exalt their
  importance at the expense of sufferings which fall on others。 This is true;
  but; if it is taken as disposing of the question; it leaves out of account the
  importance   of   thought   for   progress。   Viewing   the   life   of   mankind   as   a
  whole; in the future as well as in the present; there can be no question that
  a society in which some men pursue knowledge while others endure great
  poverty offers more hope of ultimate good than a society in which all are
  sunk in slothful comfort。 It is true that poverty is a great evil; but it is not
  true that material prosperity is in itself a great good。 If it is to have any
  real value to society; it must be made a means to the advancement of those
  higher goods that belong to the life of the mind。 But the life of the mind
  does not consist of thought and knowledge alone; nor can it be completely
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  healthy unless it has some instinctive contact; however deeply buried; with
  the   general    life  of  the   community。      Divorced     from    the  social   instinct;
  thought; like art; tends to become finicky and precious。 It is the position of
  such art and thought as is imbued with the instinctive sense of service to
  mankind that we wish to consider; for it is this alone that makes up the life
  of   the   mind   in   the   sense   in   which   it   is   a   vital   part   of   the   life   of   the
  community。 Will the life of the mind in this sense be helped or hindered by
  Socialism? And will there still be a sufficient spur to progress to prevent a
  condition of Byzantine immobility?
  In considering this question we are; in a certain sense; passing outside
  the   atmosphere   of   democracy。   The        general   good   of   the   community   is
  realized   only   in   individuals;   but   it   is   realized   much   more   fully   in   some
  individuals      than    in  others。    Some     men     have    a  comprehensive        and
  penetrating intellect; enabling them to appreciate and remember what has
  been     thought    and   known     by   their  predecessors;     and   to  discover     new
  regions in which they enjoy all the high delights of the mental explorer。
  Others      have    the  power     of   creating    beauty;    giving    bodily    form    to
  impalpable visions out of which joy comes to many。 Such men are more
  fortunate than the mass; and also more important for the collective life。 A
  larger share of the general sum of good is concentrated in them than in the
  ordinary man and woman; but also their contribution to the general good is
  greater。 They stand out among men and cannot be wholly fitted into the
  framework   of   democratic   equality。 A  social   system   which   would   render
  them     unproductive      would    stand    condemned;      whatever      other   merits   it
  might have。
  The first thing to realizethough it is difficult in a commercial ageis
  that   what   is   best   in   creative   mental   activity   cannot   be   produced   by   any
  system      of   monetary      rewards。    Opportunity       and   the   stimulus     of   an
  invigorating spiritual atmosphere are important; but; if they are presented;
  no    financial   inducements       will   be  required;    while    if  they   are  absent;
  material compensations will be of no avail。 Recognition; even if it takes
  the form of money; can bring a certain pleasure in old age to the man of
  science who has battled all his life against academic prejudice; or to the
  artist who has endured years of ridicule for not painting in the manner of
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  his predecessors; but it is not by  the remote hope of such pleasures   that
  their work has been inspired。 All the most important work springs from an
  uncalculating   impulse;   and   is   best   promoted;   not   by   rewards   after   the
  event; but by circumstances which keep the impulse alive and afford scope
  for the activities which it inspires。 In the creation of such circumstances
  our present system is much at fault。 Will Socialism be better?
  I   do   not   think   this   question   can   be   answered   without   specifying   the
  kind   of   Socialism   that   is   intended:   some   forms   of   Socialism   would;   I
  believe; be even more destructive in this respect than the present capitalist
  regime; while others would be immeasurably better。 Three things which a
  social system can provide or withhold are helpful to mental creation: first;
  technical training; second; liberty to follow the creative impulse; third; at
  least the possibility of ultimate appreciation by some public; whether large
  or small。 We may leave out of our discussion both individual genius and
  those intangible conditions which make some ages great and others sterile
  in art and sciencenot because these are unimportant; but because they are
  too    little  understood     to  be   taken    account    of   in  economic      or  political
  organization。 The three conditions we have mentioned seem to cover most
  of what can be SEEN to be useful or harmful from our present point of
  view; and it is therefore to them that we shall confine ourselves。
  1。    Technical     Training。Technical        training     at  present;    whether      in
  science or art; requires one or other of two conditions。 Either a boy must
  be   the   son   of   well…to…do   parents   who   can   afford   to   keep   him   while   he
  acquires his education; or he must show so much ability at an early age as
  to enable him to sub