第 33 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9321
  they would side against an aggressor even in a quarrel in which they had
  no direct interest。 It is on this hope that the League of Nations is based。
  But the League of Nations; like the abolition of private property; will
  be by no means sufficient if it is not accompanied or quickly followed by
  other reforms。 It is clear that such reforms; if they are to be effective; must
  be international; the world must move as a whole in these matters; if it is
  to move at all。 One of the most obvious necessities; if peace is to be secure;
  is a measure of disarmament。 So long as the present vast armies and navies
  exist; no system can prevent the risk of war。 But disarmament; if it is to
  serve its purpose; must be simultaneous and by mutual agreement among
  all the Great Powers。 And it is not likely to be successful so long as hatred
  and     suspicion    rule   between      nations;    for  each    nation    will  suspect     its
  neighbor   of   not   carrying   out   the   bargain   fairly。   A   different   mental   and
  moral atmosphere from that to which we are accustomed in international
  affairs will be necessary if agreements between nations are to succeed in
  averting   catastrophes。   If   once   such   an   atmosphere   existed   it   might   be
  perpetuated       and    strengthened      by   wise    institutions;    but   it  cannot    be
  CREATED           by   institutions     alone。   International      co…operation      requires
  mutual   good   will;   and   good   will;   however   it   has   arisen;   is   only   to   be
  PRESERVED by co…operation。 The international future depends upon the
  possibility of the initial creation of good will between nations。
  It   is   in   this   sort   of   matter   that   revolutions   are   most   useful。   If   the
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  Russian   Revolution   had   been   accompanied   by   a   revolution   in   Germany;
  the dramatic suddenness of the change might have shaken Europe; for the
  moment;   out   of   its   habits   of   thought:   the   idea   of   fraternity   might   have
  seemed; in the twinkling of an eye; to have entered the world of practical
  politics; and no idea is so practical as the idea of the brotherhood of man;
  if   only   people   can   be   startled   into   believing   in   it。   If   once   the   idea   of
  fraternity     between     nations    were    inaugurated      with    the  faith   and   vigor
  belonging   to   a   new   revolution;   all   the   difficulties   surrounding   it   would
  melt away; for all of them are due to suspicion and the tyranny of ancient
  prejudice。 Those who (as is common in the English…speaking world) reject
  revolution   as   a   method;   and   praise   the   gradual   piecemeal   development
  which      (we   are  told)   constitutes     solid  progress;     overlook     the  effect   of
  dramatic       events    in   changing      the   mood      and    the   beliefs    of   whole
  populations。 A simultaneous revolution in Germany and Russia would no
  doubt have had such an effect; and would have made the creation of a new
  world possible here and now。
  Dis aliter visum: the millennium is not for our time。 The great moment
  has passed; and for ourselves it is again the distant hope that must inspire
  us; not the immediate breathless looking for the deliverance。'56' But we
  have seen what might have been; and we know that great possibilities do
  arise in times of crisis。 In some such sense as this; it may well be true that
  the Socialist revolution is the road to universal peace; and that when it has
  been traversed all the other conditions for the cessation of wars will grow
  of themselves out of the changed mental and moral atmosphere。
  '56' This was written in March; 1918; almost the darkest moment of
  the war。
  There   is   a   certain   class   of   difficulties   which   surrounds   the   sober
  idealist in all speculations about the not too distant future。 These are the
  cases     where    the   solution    believed    by   most    idealists   to  be   universally
  applicable      is  for   some    reason    impossible;      and   is;  at  the   same    time;
  objected   to   for   base   or   interested   motives   by   all   upholders   of   existing
  inequalities。   The   case   of   Tropical   Africa   will   illustrate   what   I   mean。   It
  would   be   difficult   seriously   to   advocate   the   immediate   introduction   of
  parliamentary government for the natives of this part of the world; even if
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  it were accompanied by women's suffrage and proportional representation。
  So far as I know; no one supposes the populations of these regions capable
  of self… determination; except Mr。 Lloyd George。 There can be no doubt
  that; whatever regime may be introduced in Europe; African negroes will
  for a long time to come be governed and exploited by Europeans。 If the
  European States became Socialistic; and refused; under a Quixotic impulse;
  to enrich themselves at the expense of the defenseless inhabitants of Africa;
  those inhabitants would not thereby gain; on the contrary; they would lose;
  for they would be handed over to the tender mercies of individual traders;
  operating with armies of reprobate bravos; and committing every atrocity
  to   which    the   civilized   barbarian    is  prone。   The    European     governments
  cannot divest themselves of responsibility in regard to Africa。 They must
  govern   there;   and   the   best   that   can   be   hoped   is   that   they  should   govern
  with    a  minimum       of  cruelty   and    rapacity。   From    the   point   of  view    of
  preserving      the  peace    of   the  world;    the  problem     is  to  parcel    out  the
  advantages which white men derive from their position in Africa in such a
  way     that   no  nation    shall   feel  a  sense    of   injustice。   This   problem     is
  comparatively  simple;  and   might no doubt   be  solved on   the  lines   of   the
  war aims of the Inter…Allied Socialists。 But it is not this problem which I
  wish to discuss。 What I wish to consider is; how could a Socialist or an
  Anarchist   community   govern   and   administer   an   African   region;   full   of
  natural   wealth;   but   inhabited   by   a   quite   uncivilized   population?   Unless
  great     precautions       were     taken    the    white     community;       under      the
  circumstances;   would   acquire   the   position   and   the   instincts   of   a   slave…
  owner。     It  would    tend   to  keep   the   negroes    down     to  the  bare   level   of
  subsistence;      while   using    the  produce     of  their  country     to  increase    the
  comfort and splendor of the Communist community。 It would do this with
  that careful unconsciousness which now characterizes all the worst acts of
  nations。   Administrators   would   be   appointed   and   would   be   expected   to
  keep silence as to their methods。 Busybodies who reported horrors would
  be   disbelieved;   and   would   be   said   to   be   actuated   by   hatred   toward   the
  existing regime and by a perverse love for every country but their own。 No
  doubt; in the first generous enthusiasm accompanying the establishment of
  the   new   regime   at   home;   there   would   be   every   intention   of   making   the
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  natives happy; but gradually they would be forgotten; and only the tribute
  coming   from   their   country   would   be   remembered。   I   do   not   say   that   all
  these evils are unavoidable; I say only that they will not be avoided unless
  they are foreseen and a deliberate conscious effort is made to prevent their
  realization。     If  the   white    communities       should    ever   reach    the   point   of
  wishing to carry out as far as possible the principles underlying the revolt
  against capitalism; they will have to find a way of establishing an absolute
  disinterestedness in their dealings with subject races。 It will be necessary
  to avoid the faintest suggestion of capitalistic profit in the government of
  Africa; and to spend in the countries themselves whatever they would be
  able   to   spend   if   they   were   self…governing。   Moreover;   it   must   always   be
  remembered that backwardness in civilization is not necessarily incurable;
  and   that   with   time   even   the   populations   of   Central Africa   may   become
  capable   of   democratic   self…government;   provided   Europeans   bend   their
  energies to this purpose。
  The problem of Africa is; of course; a part