第 28 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9321
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  which they support the status quo。 Many of the actions by which men have
  become   rich   are   far   more   harmful   to   the   community   than   the   obscure
  crimes of poor men; yet they go unpunished because they do not interfere
  with the existing order。 If the power of the community is to be brought to
  bear    to   prevent    certain    classes    of  actions    through     the   agency     of   the
  criminal   law;   it   is   as   necessary   that   these   actions   should   really  be   those
  which      are   harmful     to   the  community;        as  it  is  that   the   treatment     of
  ‘‘criminals'' should be freed from the conception of guilt and inspired by
  the same spirit as is shown in the treatment of disease。 But; if these two
  conditions      were    fulfilled;   I  cannot    help    thinking    that   a  society    which
  preserved the existence of law would be preferable to one conducted on
  the unadulterated principles of Anarchism。
  So   far   we   have   been   considering   the   power   which   the   State   derives
  from   the   criminal   law。   We   have   every   reason   to   think   that   this   power
  cannot      be  entirely    abolished;     though     it  can   be  exercised     in   a  wholly
  different     spirit;   without    the   vindictiveness       and    the  moral     reprobation
  which now form its essence。
  We come next to the consideration of the economic power of the State
  and     the   influence     which     it  can   exert    through     its  bureaucracy。      State
  Socialists   argue   as   if   there   would   be   no   danger   to   liberty  in   a   State   not
  based   upon   capitalism。   This   seems   to   me   an   entire   delusion。   Given   an
  official caste; however selected; there are bound to be a set of men whose
  whole instincts will drive them toward tyranny。 Together with the natural
  love   of   power;   they   will   have   a   rooted   conviction   (visible   now   in   the
  higher ranks of the Civil Service) that they alone know enough to be able
  to   judge    what    is  for   the  good     of  the   community。       Like    all  men    who
  administer a   system;  they  will   come   to   feel   the   system  itself sacrosanct。
  The   only   changes   they   will   desire   will   be   changes   in   the   direction   of
  further   regulations   as   to   how   the   people   are   to   enjoy   the   good   things
  kindly granted to them by their benevolent despots。 Whoever thinks this
  picture overdrawn must have failed to study the influence and methods of
  Civil Servants at present。 On every matter that arises; they know far more
  than   the   general   public   about   all   the   DEFINITE   facts   involved;   the   one
  thing they do not know is ‘‘where the shoe pinches。'' But those who know
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  this are probably not skilled in stating their case; not able to say off…hand
  exactly   how   many   shoes   are   pinching   how   many   feet;   or   what   is   the
  precise remedy required。 The answer prepared for Ministers by the Civil
  Service      is  accepted    by   the   ‘‘respectable''    public    as  impartial;    and    is
  regarded   as   disposing   of   the   case   of   malcontents   except   on   a   first…class
  political question on which elections may be won or lost。 That at least is
  the   way   in   which   things   are   managed   in   England。   And   there   is   every
  reason to fear that under State Socialism the power of officials would be
  vastly greater than it is at present。
  Those who accept the orthodox doctrine of democracy contend that; if
  ever the power of capital were removed; representative institutions would
  suffice   to   undo   the   evils   threatened   by   bureaucracy。   Against   this   view;
  Anarchists   and   Syndicalists   have   directed   a   merciless   criticism。   French
  Syndicalists      especially;    living;   as   they   do;   in  a   highly    democratized
  country; have had bitter experience of the way in which the power of the
  State can be employed against a progressive minority。 This experience has
  led them to abandon altogether the belief in the divine right of majorities。
  The   Constitution   that   they   would   desire   would   be   one   which   allowed
  scope   for   vigorous   minorities;   conscious   of   their   aims   and   prepared   to
  work for them。 It is undeniable that; to all who care for progress; actual
  experience of democratic representative Government is very disillusioning。
  Admitting   as   I   think   we   mustthat   it   is   preferable   to   any   PREVIOUS
  form of Government; we must yet acknowledge that much of the criticism
  directed against it by Anarchists and Syndicalists is thoroughly justified。
  Such criticism would have had more influence if any clear idea of an
  alternative to   parliamentary  democracy  had   been   generally  apprehended。
  But it must be confessed that Syndicalists have not presented their case in
  a way which is likely to attract the average citizen。 Much of what they say
  amounts   to   this:   that   a   minority;   consisting   of   skilled   workers   in   vital
  industries;     can;   by    a  strike;   make     the   economic      life  of   the   whole
  community   impossible;   and   can   in   this   way   force   their   will   upon         the
  nation。 The action aimed at is compared to the seizure of a power station;
  by   which   a   whole   vast   system   can   be   paralyzed。   Such   a   doctrine   is   an
  appeal to force; and is naturally met by an appeal to force on the other side。
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  It is useless for the Syndicalists to protest that they only desire power in
  order   to   promote   liberty:   the   world   which   they   are   seeking   to   establish
  does not; as yet; appeal to the effective will of the community; and cannot
  be stably inaugurated until it does do so。 Persuasion is a slow process; and
  may   sometimes   be   accelerated   by   violent   methods;   to   this   extent   such
  methods may be justified。 But the ultimate goal of any reformer who aims
  at   liberty  can   only  be   reached through   persuasion。 The   attempt   to   thrust
  liberty  by   force   upon   those   who   do   not   desire   what   we   consider   liberty
  must always prove a failure; and Syndicalists; like other reformers; must
  ultimately rely upon persuasion for success。
  But   it   would   be   a   mistake   to   confuse   aims   with   methods:   however
  little   we   may    agree   with    the  proposal     to  force   the   millennium      on   a
  reluctant community by starvation; we may yet agree that much of what
  the Syndicalists desire to achieve is desirable。
  Let    us   dismiss    from    our   minds    such    criticisms    of  parliamentary
  government as are bound up with the present system of private property;
  and     consider    only    those   which     would     remain     true  in   a  collectivist
  community。        Certain     defects    seem     inherent     in   the   very    nature    of
  representative institutions。 There is a sense of self…importance; inseparable
  from success in a contest for popular favor。 There is an all…but unavoidable
  habit   of   hypocrisy;   since   experience   shows   that   the   democracy   does   not
  detect insincerity in an orator; and will; on the other hand; be shocked by
  things which even the most sincere men may think necessary。 Hence arises
  a   tone   of   cynicism   among   elected   representatives;   and   a   feeling   that   no
  man can retain his position in politics without deceit。 This is as much the
  fault of the democracy as of the representatives; but it seems unavoidable
  so    long   as   the  main    thing    that  all  bodies    of   men    demand      of  their
  champions   is   flattery。   However   the   blame   may   be   apportioned;   the   evil
  must be recognized as one which is bound to occur in the existing forms of
  democracy。 Another evil; which is especially noticeable in large States; is
  the remoteness of the seat of government from many of the constituencies…
  …a   remoteness   which   is psychological   even   more   than geographical。 The
  legislators     live  in  comfort;     protected    by   thick   walls   and   innumerable
  policemen from the voice of the mob; as time goes on they remember only
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  dimly the passions and promises of