第 25 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9321
  Experience   of   backwoods   communities;            mining   camps   and   other      such
  places   seems   to   show   that   under   new   conditions   men   easily   revert   to   a
  more barbarous attitude and practice。 It would seem; therefore; that; while
  human   nature   remains   as   it   is;   there   will   be   more   liberty   for   all   in   a
  community where some acts of tyranny by individuals are forbidden; than
  in   a   community  where  the   law  leaves   each   individual   free  to   follow  his
  every impulse。  But;  although   the  necessity  of   some   form  of   government
  and law must for the present be conceded; it is important to remember that
  all law and government is in itself in some degree an evil; only justifiable
  when   it   prevents   other   and   greater   evils。   Every   use   of   the   power   of   the
  State needs; therefore; to be very closely scrutinized; and every possibility
  of diminishing its power is to be welcomed provided it does not lead to a
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  reign of private tyranny。
  The power of the State is partly legal; partly economic: acts of a kind
  which      the  State   dislikes    can   be   punished     by   the   criminal    law;   and
  individuals who incur the displeasure of the State may find it hard to earn
  a livelihood。
  The views of Marx on the State are not very clear。 On the one hand he
  seems willing;; like the   modern State Socialists; to   allow great power   to
  the    State;  but   on   the  other   hand    he   suggests    that  when     the  Socialist
  revolution has been consummated; the State; as we know it; will disappear。
  Among the measures which are advocated in the Communist Manifesto as
  immediately desirable; there are several which would very greatly increase
  the power of the existing State。 For example; ‘‘Centralization of credit in
  the hands of the State; by means of a national bank with State capital and
  an    exclusive    monopoly;''      and   again;   ‘‘Centralization      of  the   means    of
  communication and transport in the hands of the State。'' But the Manifesto
  goes on to say:
  When;      in   the   course    of   development;        class   distinctions     have
  disappeared;  and   all   production   has   been   concentrated   in   the   hands   of   a
  vast association of the whole nation; the public power will lose its political
  character。     Political   power;    properly   so    called;  is  merely    the   organised
  power   of   one   class   for   oppressing   another。   If   the   proletariat   during   its
  contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled; by the force of circumstances;
  to organize itself as a class; if; by means of a revolution; it makes itself the
  ruling   class;   and;   as   such;   sweeps   away   by   force   the   old   conditions   of
  production; then it will; along with these conditions; have swept away the
  conditions for the existence of class antagonisms; and of classes generally;
  and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class。
  In   place    of  the   old   bourgeois     society;   with   its  classes   and    class
  antagonisms; we shall have an association; in which; the free development
  of each is the condition for the free development of all。'47'
  '47' Communist Manifesto; p。 22。
  This    attitude   Marx     preserved      in  essentials    throughout      his   life。
  Accordingly;   it   is   not   to   be   wondered   at   that   his   followers;   so   far   as
  regards their immediate aims; have in the main become out…and…out State
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  Socialists。 On the other hand; the Syndicalists; who accept from Marx the
  doctrine of the class war; which they regard as what is really vital in his
  teaching; reject the State with abhorrence and wish to abolish it wholly; in
  which   respect   they  are   at   one   with   the Anarchists。 The   Guild   Socialists;
  though   some   persons   in   this   country   regard   them   as   extremists;   really
  represent the English love of compromise。 The Syndicalist arguments as to
  the dangers inherent in the power of the State have made them dissatisfied
  with the old State Socialism; but they are unable to accept the Anarchist
  view     that   society    can   dispense     altogether    with    a   central   authority。
  Accordingly they propose that there should be two co…equal instruments of
  Government        in   a  community;      the   one   geographical;      representing     the
  consumers;   and   essentially   the   continuation   of   the   democratic   State;   the
  other   representing   the   producers;   organized;   not   geographically;   but   in
  guilds;   after   the   manner   of   industrial   unionism。   These   two   author…   ities
  will deal with different classes of questions。 Guild Socialists do not regard
  the industrial authority as forming part of the State; for they contend that it
  is the essence of the State to be geographical; but the industrial authority
  will resemble the present State in the fact that it will have coercive powers;
  and that its decrees will be enforced; when necessary。 It is to be suspected
  that Syndicalists also; much as they object to the existing State; would not
  object to coercion of individuals in an industry by the Trade Union in that
  industry。 Government within the Trade Union would probably be quite as
  strict as State government is now。 In saying this we are assuming that the
  theoretical Anarchism of Syndicalist leaders would not survive accession
  to   power;    but   I  am   afraid   experience      shows    that  this   is  not  a  very
  hazardous assumption。
  Among all these different views; the one which raises the deepest issue
  is   the   Anarchist     contention     that   all  coercion     by   the   community       is
  unnecessary。   Like   most   of   the   things   that Anarchists   say;   there   is   much
  more to be urged in support of this view than most people would suppose
  at first sight。 Kropotkin; who is its ablest exponent; points out how much
  has been achieved already by the method of free agreement。 He does not
  wish to abolish government in the sense of collective decisions: what he
  does wish to abolish is the system by which a decision is en… forced upon
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  those who oppose it。'48' The whole system of representative government
  and majority rule is to him a bad thing。'49' He points to such instances as
  the agreements among the different railway systems of the Continent for
  the running of through expresses and for co…operation generally。 He points
  out   that   in   such   cases   the   different   companies   or   authorities   concerned
  each     appoint    a   delegate;    and   that   the   delegates    suggest     a  basis   of
  agreement; which has to be subsequently ratified by each of the bodies ap…
  pointing them。 The assembly of delegates has no coercive power whatever;
  and a majority can do nothing against a recalcitrant minority。 Yet this has
  not prevented the conclusion of very elaborate systems of agreements。 By
  such     methods;      so    Anarchists     contend;      the   USEFUL        functions     of
  government can be carried out without any coercion。 They maintain that
  the usefulness of agreement is so patent as to make co…operation certain if
  once the predatory motives associated with the present system of private
  property were removed。
  '48'   ‘‘On   the   other   hand;   the   STATE   has   also   been   confused   with
  GOVERNMENT。   As   there   can   be   no   State   without   government;   it   has
  been   sometimes   said   that   it   is   the   absence   of   government;   and   not   the
  abolition of the State; that should be the aim。
  ‘‘It   seems   to   me;   however;   that   State   and   government   represent   two
  ideas of a different kind。 The State idea implies quite another idea to that
  of government。 It not only includes the existence of a power placed above
  society;   but   also   a   territorial   concentration   and   a   concentration   of   many
  functions   of   the   life   of   society   in   the   hands   of   a   few   or   even   of   all。   It
  implies new relations among the members of society。
  ‘‘This characteristic distinction; which perhaps escapes notice at first
  sight; appears clearly when the origin of the State is studied。'' Kropotkin;
  ‘‘The State。'' p。 4。
  '49'     Representative       government       has   accomplished        its  historical
  mission; it has given a mortal blow to