第 22 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9322
  institutions。   Museums;   free   libraries;   and   free   public   schools;   parks   and
  pleasure     grounds;     paved    and    lighted   streets;   free  for   everybody's      use;
  water   supplied   to   private   dwellings;   with   a   growing   tendency   towards
  disregarding the exact amount of it used by the individual; tramways and
  railways   which have   already  begun to introduce   the   season   ticket   or   the
  uniform tax; and will surely go much further on this line when they are no
  longer   private   property:   all   these   are   tokens   showing   in   what   direction
  further progress is to be expected。''Kropotkin; ‘‘Anarchist Communism。''
  '42' An able discussion of this question; at of various others; from the
  standpoint   of   reasoned   and   temperate   opposition   to   Anarchism;   will   be
  found in Alfred Naquet's ‘‘L'Anarchie et le Collectivisme;'' Paris; 1904。
  Is such a system possible? First; is it technically possible to provide
  the necessaries of life in such large quantities as would be needed if every
  man and woman could take as much of them from the public stores as he
  or she might desire?
  The idea of purchase and payment is so familiar that the proposal to do
  away  with it   must be   thought at first   fantastic。 Yet   I do not believe it is
  nearly so fantastic as it seems。 Even if we could all have bread for nothing;
  we should not want more than a quite limited amount。 As things are; the
  cost   of   bread   to   the   rich   is   so   small   a   proportion   of   their   income   as   to
  afford   practically   no   check   upon   their   consumption;   yet   the   amount   of
  bread that they consume could easily be supplied to the whole population
  by improved methods of agriculture (I am not speaking of war…time)。 The
  amount   of   food   that   people   desire   has   natural   limits;   and   the   waste   that
  would   be   incurred   would   probably   not   be   very   great。 As   the Anarchists
  point out; people at present enjoy an unlimited water supply but very few
  leave the taps running when they are not using them。 And one may assume
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  that public opinion would be opposed to excessive waste。 We may lay it
  down; I think; that the principle of unlimited supply could be adopted in
  regard to all commodities for which the demand has limits that fall short
  of what can be easily produced。 And this would be the case; if production
  were efficiently organized; with the necessaries of life; including not only
  commodities; but also such things as education。 Even if all education were
  free    up    to  the   highest;     young     people;    unless    they    were    radically
  transformed by the Anarchist regime; would not want more than a certain
  amount of it。 And the same applies to plain foods; plain clothes; and the
  rest of the things that supply our elementary needs。
  I think we may conclude that there is no technical impossibility in the
  Anarchist plan of free sharing。
  But would the necessary work be done if the individual were assured
  of the general standard of comfort even though he did no work?
  Most people will answer this question unhesitatingly in the negative。
  Those   employers   in   particular   who   are   in   the   habit   of   denouncing   their
  employes   as   a   set   of   lazy;   drunken   louts;   will   feel   quite   certain   that   no
  work     could    be  got   out  of   them   except    under    threat   of  dismissal    and
  consequent starvation。 But is this as certain as people are inclined to sup…
  pose   at   first   sight?   If   work   were   to   remain   what   most   work   is   now;   no
  doubt it would be very hard to induce people to undertake it except from
  fear   of   destitution。   But   there   is   no   reason   why   work   should   remain   the
  dreary drudgery in horrible conditions that most of it is now。'43' If men
  had to be tempted to work instead of driven to it; the obvious interest of
  the community would be to make work pleasant。 So long as work is not
  made on the  whole pleasant;  it   cannot   be said that   anything   like  a  good
  state of society has been reached。 Is the painfulness of work unavoidable?
  '43' ‘‘Overwork is repulsive to human naturenot work。 Overwork
  for   supplying   the   few   with   luxurynot   work   for   the   well…   being   of   all。
  Work;      labor;   is  a   physiological      necessity;    a   necessity     of   spending
  accumulated bodily energy; a necessity which is health and life itself。 If so
  many  branches   of   useful   work   are   so   reluctantly  done   now;   it   is   merely
  because   they   mean   overwork;   or   they  are   improperly  organized。   But   we
  knowold   Franklin   knew   itthat   four   hours   of   useful   work   every   day
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  would be more than sufficient for supplying everybody with the comfort
  of a moderately well…to…do middle…class house; if we all gave ourselves to
  productive work; and if we did not waste our productive powers as we do
  waste them now。 As to the childish question; repeated for fifty years: ‘Who
  would do disagreeable work?' frankly I regret that none of our savants has
  ever been brought to do it; be it for only one day in his life。 If there is still
  work which is really disagreeable in itself; it is only because our scientific
  men have never cared to consider the means of rendering it less so: they
  have always known that there were plenty of starving men who would do
  it for a few pence a day。'' Kropotkin; ‘‘‘Anarchist Communism。''
  At present; the better paid work; that of the business and professional
  classes; is for the most part enjoyable。 I do not mean that every separate
  moment is agreeable; but that the life of a man who has work of this sort is
  on   the   whole   happier   than   that   of   a   man   who   enjoys   an   equal   income
  without doing any work。 A certain amount of effort; and something in the
  nature of a continuous career; are necessary to vigorous men if they are to
  preserve their mental health and their zest for life。 A considerable amount
  of work is done without pay。 People who take a rosy view of human nature
  might   have   supposed   that   the   duties   of   a   magistrate   would   be   among
  disagreeable trades; like cleaning sewers; but a cynic might contend that
  the pleasures of vindictiveness and moral superiority are so great that there
  is no difficulty  in   finding   well…to…do  elderly  gentlemen   who   are   willing;
  without pay; to send helpless wretches to the torture of prison。 And apart
  from     enjoyment      of   the  work    itself;  desire    for  the   good    opinion    of
  neighbors   and   for   the   feeling   of   effectiveness   is   quite   sufficient   to   keep
  many men active。
  But;   it   will   be   said;   the   sort   of   work   that   a   man   would   voluntarily
  choose must always be exceptional: the great bulk of necessary work can
  never   be   anything   but   painful。   Who   would   choose;   if   an   easy   life   were
  otherwise open to him; to be a coal…miner; or a stoker on an Atlantic liner?
  I think it must be conceded that much necessary work must always remain
  disagreeable or at least painfully monotonous; and that special privileges
  will have to be accorded to those who undertake it; if the Anarchist system
  is ever to be made workable。 It is true that the introduction of such special
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  privileges   would   somewhat   mar   the   rounded   logic   of Anarchism;   but   it
  need not; I think; make any really vital breach in its system。 Much of the
  work   that   needs   doing   could   be   rendered   agreeable;   if   thought   and   care
  were given to this object。 Even now it is often only long hours that make
  work irksome。 If the normal hours of work were reduced to; say; four; as
  they could be by better organization and more scientific methods; a very
  great deal of work which is now felt as a burden would quite cease to be
  so。   If;  as  Kropotkin      suggests;    agricultural    work;    instead   of  being    the
  lifelong   drudgery   of   an   ignorant   laborer   living   very   near   the   verge   of
  abject     poverty;    were    the  occasional      occupation     of   men    and    women
  normally      employed       in  industry     or  brain…work;      if;  instead    of   being
  conducted       by   ancient    traditional   methods;      without    any   possibility    of
  intelligent participation by th