第 20 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9322
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  possibilities     of   agriculture。    Socialists     and   Anarchists      in  the   main    are
  products      of   industrial    life;  and   few    among      them    have    any    practical
  knowledge        on   the   subject    of   food    production。      But   Kropotkin       is  an
  exception。       His   two    books;     ‘‘The    Conquest      of   Bread''    and    ‘‘Fields;
  Factories and Workshops;'' are very full of detailed information; and; even
  making great   allowances   for   an   optimistic   bias;   I   do   not   think   it   can   be
  denied     that   they   demonstrate       possibilities    in  which     few    of  us   would
  otherwise have believed。
  Malthus contended; in effect; that population always tends to increase
  up to the limit of subsistence; that the production of food becomes more
  expensive as its amount is increased; and that therefore; apart from short
  exceptional periods when new discoveries produce temporary alleviations;
  the   bulk   of   mankind   must   always   be   at   the   lowest   level   consistent   with
  survival and reproduction。 As applied to the civilized races of the world;
  this doctrine is becoming untrue through the rapid decline in the birth…rate;
  but; apart from this decline; there are many other reasons why the doctrine
  cannot   be   accepted;   at   any   rate   as   regards   the   near   future。   The   century
  which      elapsed    after   Malthus     wrote;    saw    a  very   great   increase     in  the
  standard   of   comfort   throughout   the   wage…earning   classes;   and;   owing   to
  the enormous increase in the productivity of labor; a far greater rise in the
  standard   of   comfort   could   have   been   effected   if   a   more   just   system   of
  distribution had been introduced。 In former times; when one man's labor
  produced not very much more than was needed for one man's subsistence;
  it   was   impossible   either   greatly   to   reduce   the   normal   hours   of   labor;   or
  greatly   to   increase   the   proportion   of   the   population   who   enjoyed   more
  than    the   bare    necessaries     of   life。  But   this   state   of  affairs    has   been
  overcome by modern methods of production。 At the present moment; not
  only   do   many   people   enjoy   a   comfortable   income   derived   from   rent   or
  interest; but about half the population of most of the civilized countries in
  the world is engaged; not in the production of commodities; but in fighting
  or in manufacturing munitions of war。 In a time of peace the whole of this
  half might be kept in idleness without making the other half poorer than
  they would have been if   the war had continued;  and if; instead of   being
  idle;   they   were   productively   employed;   the   whole   of   what   they   would
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  produce would be a divisible surplus over and above present wages。 The
  present productivity of labor in Great Britain would suffice to produce an
  income   of   about   1   pound   per   day   for   each   family;   even   without   any   of
  those     improvements         in   methods      which      are   obviously      immediately
  possible。
  But;   it   will   be   said;   as   population   increases;   the   price   of   food   must
  ultimately increase also as the sources of supply in Canada; the Argentine;
  Australia and elsewhere are more and more used up。 There must come a
  time; so pessimists will urge; when food becomes so dear that the ordinary
  wage…earner will have little surplus for expenditure upon other things。 It
  may be admitted that this would be true in some very distant future if the
  population were to continue to increase without limit。 If the whole surface
  of   the   world   were   as   densely  populated   as   London is   now;   it   would;  no
  doubt;   require   almost   the   whole   labor   of   the   population   to   produce   the
  necessary food from the few spaces remaining for agriculture。 But there is
  no    reason     to  suppose     that   the   population      will   continue     to  increase
  indefinitely;   and   in   any   case   the   prospect   is   so   remote   that   it   may   be
  ignored in all practical considerations。
  Returning       from    these   dim    speculations      to  the   facts   set   forth   by
  Kropotkin; we find it proved in his writings that; by methods of intensive
  cultivation;   which   are   already   in   actual   operation;   the   amount   of   food
  produced on a given area can be increased far beyond anything that most
  uninformed   persons   suppose   possible。   Speaking   of   the   market…gardeners
  in   Great   Britain;   in   the   neighborhood   of   Paris;   and   in   other   places;   he
  says:
  They   have   created   a   totally   new   agriculture。   They   smile   when   we
  boast about the rotation system having permitted us to take from the field
  one crop every year; or four crops each three years; because their ambition
  is to have six and nine crops from the very same plot of land during the
  twelve months。 They do not understand our talk about good and bad soils;
  because they make the soil themselves; and make it in such quantities as to
  be   compelled   yearly   to   sell   some   of   it;   otherwise   it   would   raise   up   the
  level of their gardens by half an inch every year。 They aim at cropping; not
  five or six tons of grass on the acre; as we do; but from 50 to 100 tons of
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  various vegetables on the same space; not 5 pound sworth of hay; but 100
  pounds      worth    of  vegetables;    of   the  plainest   description;     cabbage    and
  carrots。'38'
  '38' Kropotkin; ‘‘Fields; Factories and Workshops;'' p。 74。
  As regards cattle; he mentions   that Mr。 Champion at Whitby  grows
  on   each    acre   the  food   of   two   or   three  head   of   cattle;  whereas    under
  ordinary   high   farming   it   takes   two   or   three   acres   to   keep   each   head   of
  cattle in Great Britain。 Even more astonishing are the achievements of the
  Culture     Maraicheres      round    Paris。  It  is  impossible    to  summarize       these
  achievements; but we may note the general conclusion:
  There are now practical Maraichers who venture to maintain that if
  all the food; animal and vegetable; necessary for the 3;500;000 inhabitants
  of the Departments of Seine and Seine…et…Oise had to be grown on their
  own territory (3250 square miles); it could be grown without resorting to
  any other methods of culture than those already in usemethods already
  tested on a large scale and proved successful。'39'
  '39' Ib。 p。 81。
  It must be remembered that these two departments include the whole
  population of Paris。
  Kropotkin   proceeds   to   point   out   methods   by   which   the   same   result
  could   be achieved   without   long hours of   labor。  Indeed; he   contends   that
  the great bulk of agricultural work could be carried on by people whose
  main occupations are sedentary; and with only such a number of hours as
  would serve to keep them in health and produce a pleasant diversification。
  He   protests   against   the   theory  of   exces…   sive   division   of   labor。  What   he
  wants is INTEGRATION; ‘‘a society where each individual is a producer
  of   both   manual   and   intellectual   work;   where   each   able…   bodied   human
  being is a worker; and where each worker works both in the field and in
  the industrial workshop。'''40'
  '40' Kropotkin; ‘‘Field; Factories; and Workshops;'' p。 6。
  These    views    as  to  production      have   no   essential   connection     with
  Kropotkin's      advocacy      of  Anarchism。      They    would    be   equally    possible
  under State Socialism; and under certain circumstances they might even be
  carried   out   in   a   capitalistic   regime。   They   are   important   for   our   present
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  purpose;     not   from    any    argument     which     they   afford   in  favor    of  one
  economic system as against another; but from the fact that they remove the
  veto upon our hopes which might otherwise result from a doubt as to the
  productive   capacity   of   labor。   I   have   dwelt   upon   agriculture   rather   than
  industry; since it is in regard to agriculture that the difficulties are chiefly
  supposed   to   arise。   Broadly   speaking;   i