第 18 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9321
  the good things of life。 Between these two classes; a struggle must go on
  until the workers of the world organize as a class; take possession of the
  earth and the machinery of production; and abolish the wage system。 。 。 。
  Instead   of   the   conservative   motto;   ‘A   fair   day's   wages   for   a   fair   day's
  work;'    we    must    inscribe   on   our   banner    the   revolutionary     watchword;
  ‘Abolition of the wage system。' '''32'
  '29' Quoted in Cole; ib。 p。 128。
  '30' Ib。; p。 135。
  '31' Brooks; op。 cit。; p。 79。
  '32' Brooks; op。 cit。; pp。 86…87。
  Numerous strikes have been conducted or encouraged by the I。 W。 W。
  and   the   Western   Federation   of   Miners。  These   strikes   illustrate   the   class…
  war in a more bitter and extreme form than is to be found in any other part
  of   the   world。   Both    sides   are  always     ready   to  resort   to  violence。    The
  employers have armies of their own and are able to call upon the Militia
  and     even;   in   a  crisis;   upon    the   United    States    Army。    What     French
  Syndicalists say about the State as a capitalist institution is peculiarly true
  in   America。     In   consequence      of  the   scandals    thus   arising;   the   Federal
  Government         appointed     a  Commission        on   Industrial   Relations;     whose
  Report;   issued   in   1915;   reveals   a   state   of   affairs   such   as   it   would   be
  difficult to imagine in   Great Britain。 The report   states that   ‘‘the   greatest
  disorders     and    most    of  the   outbreaks     of  violence     in  connection     with
  industrial ‘disputes arise from the violation of what are considered to be
  fundamental         rights;    and    from     the    perversion      or    subversion      of
  governmental institutions'' (p。 146)。 It mentions; among such perversions;
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  the subservience of the judiciary to the mili… tary authorities;'33' the fact
  that   during   a   labor   dispute   the   life   and   liberty   of   every   man   within   the
  State would seem to be at the mercy of the Governor (p。 72); and the use
  of State troops in policing strikes (p。 298)。 At Ludlow (Colorado) in 1914
  (April 20) a battle of the militia and the miners took place; in which; as the
  result   of   the   fire   of   the   militia;   a   number   of   women   and   children   were
  burned   to   death。'34'   Many   other   instances   of   pitched   battles   could   be
  given;  but   enough   has been   said to   show   the peculiar   character   of   labor
  disputes in the United States。 It may; I fear; be presumed that this character
  will remain so long as a very large proportion of labor consists of recent
  immigrants。   When   these   difficulties   pass   away;   as   they   must   sooner   or
  later; labor will more and more find its place in the community; and will
  tend to feel and inspire less of the bitter hostility which renders the more
  extreme forms of class war possible。 When
  that time comes; the labor movement in America will probably begin
  to take on forms similar to those of Europe。
  '33' Although uniformly held that the writ of habeas corpus can only
  be suspended by the legislature; in these labor disturbances the executive
  has in   fact   suspended   or  disregarded   the  writ。  。  。  。  In   cases   arising   from
  labor   agitations;  the   judiciary  has   uniformly  upheld   the   power   exercised
  by the military; and in no case has there been any protest against the use of
  such   power   or   any   attempt   to   curtail   it;   except   in   Montana;   where   the
  conviction   of   a   civilian   by   military   commission   was   annulled''   (‘‘Final
  Report   of   the   Commission   on   Industrial   Relations''   (1915)   appointed   by
  the United States Congress;'' p。 58)。
  '34' Literary Digest; May 2 and May 16; 1914。
  Meanwhile; though the forms are different; the aims are very similar;
  and industrial unionism; spreading from America; has had a considerable
  influence   in   Great   Britainan   influence   naturally   reinforced   by   that   of
  French   Syndicalism。   It   is   clear;   I   think;   that   the   adoption   of   industrial
  rather than craft unionism is absolutely necessary if Trade Unionism is to
  succeed in playing that part in altering the economic structure of society
  which      its  advocates     claim    for  it  rather   than    for  the   political   parties。
  Industrial      unionism      organizes     men;     as   craft   unionism      does    not;   in
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  accordance with the enemy whom they have to fight。 English unionism is
  still very far removed from the industrial form; though certain industries;
  especially the railway men; have gone very far in this direction; and it is
  notable   that   the   railway   men   are   peculiarly   sympathetic   to   Syndicalism
  and industrial unionism。
  Pure     Syndicalism;       however;      is   not   very    likely   to   achieve     wide
  popularity in Great Britain。 Its spirit is too revolutionary and anarchistic
  for our temperament。 It is in the modified form of Guild Socialism that the
  ideas   derived   from   the   C。   G。   T。   and   the   I。   W。   W。   are   tending   to   bear
  fruit。'35'   This   movement   is   as   yet   in   its   infancy   and   has   no   great   hold
  upon the rank and file; but it is being ably advocated by a group of young
  men;   and   is   rapidly   gaining   ground   among   those   who   will   form   Labor
  opinion   in   years   to   come。   The   power   of   the   State   has   been   so   much
  increased during the war that those who naturally dislike things as they are;
  find it more and more difficult to believe that State omnipotence can be
  the road to the millennium。 Guild Socialists aim at autonomy in industry;
  with consequent curtailment; but not abolition; of the power of the State。
  The system which they advocate is; I believe; the best hitherto proposed;
  and the one most likely to secure liberty without the constant appeals to
  violence which are to be feared under a purely Anarchist regime。
  '35'   The   ideas   of   Guild   Socialism   were   first   set   forth   in   ‘‘National
  Guilds;'' edited by A。 R。 Orage (Bell & Sons; 1914); and in Cole's ‘‘World
  of    Labour''     (Bell    &   Sons);     first  published      in   1913。     Cole's    ‘‘Self…
  Government in Industry'' (Bell & Sons; 1917) and Rickett & Bechhofer's
  ‘‘The   Meaning   of   National   Guilds''   (Palmer   &   Hayward;   1918)   should
  also   be   read;   as   well   as   various   pamphlets   published         by   the   National
  Guilds League。 The attitude of the Syndicalists to Guild Socialism is far
  from   sympathetic。   An   article   in   ‘‘The   Syndicalist''   for   February;   1914;
  speaks   of   it   in   the   following   terms:   a   Middle…class   of   the   middle…class;
  with all the shortcomings (we had almost said ‘stupidities') of the middle…
  classes   writ   large   across   it;   ‘Guild   Socialism'   stands   forth   as   the   latest
  lucubration   of   the   middle…class   mind。   It   is   a   ‘cool   steal'   of   the   leading
  ideas   of   Syndicalism   and   a   deliberate   perversion   of   them。   。   。   。   We   do
  protest against the ‘State' idea 。 。 。 in Guild Socialism。 Middle…class people;
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  even   when   they   become   Socialists;   cannot   get   rid   of   the   idea   that   the
  working…class   is   their   ‘inferior';   that   the   workers   need   to   be   ‘educated;'
  drilled; disciplined; and generally nursed for a very long time before they
  will    be  able   to  walk    by  themselves。      The   very   reverse    is  actually   the
  truth。  。  。  。  It   is   just the  plain truth   when   we  say  that   the  ordinary  wage…
  worker; of average intelligence; is better capable of taking care of himself
  than   the   half…educated   middle…class   man   who   wants   to   advise   him。   He
  knows how to make the wheels of the world go round。''
  The first pamphlet of the ‘‘National Guilds League'' sets forth their
  main principles。 In industry each factory is to be free to control its own
  methods      of   production     by   means     of  elected    managers。     The    different
  factories   in   a   given   industry   are   to   be   federated   into   a   National   Guild
  which will deal with marketing and the general interests of the industry as
  a whole。 ‘‘The State would own