第 16 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9322
  By   far   the   most   important   of   the   Syndicalist   methods   is   the   strike。
  Ordinary   strikes;      for   specific   objects;    are  regarded     as   rehearsals;    as  a
  means   of     perfecting   organization        and   promoting   enthusiasm;         but  even
  when they are victorious so far as concerns the specific point in dispute;
  they     are   not   regarded     by   Syndicalists      as   affording     any    ground     for
  industrial   peace。   Syndicalists   aim  at   using   the   strike;   not   to   secure   such
  improvements of detail as employers may grant; but to destroy the whole
  system of employer and employed and win the complete emancipation of
  the   worker。   For   this   purpose   what   is   wanted   is   the   General   Strike;   the
  complete cessation of work by a sufficient proportion of the wage…earners
  to   secure   the   paralysis   of   capitalism。   Sorel;   who   represents   Syndicalism
  too   much   in   the   minds   of   the   reading   public;   suggests   that   the   General
  Strike is to be regarded as a myth; like the Second Coming in   Christian
  doctrine。 But this view by no means suits the active Syndicalists。 If they
  were   brought   to   believe   that   the   General   Strike   is   a   mere   myth;   their
  energy would flag; and their whole outlook would become disillusioned。 It
  is the actual; vivid belief in its possibility which inspires them。 They are
  much criticised for this belief by the political Socialists who consider that
  the    battle   is  to   be   won    by   obtaining     a   Parliamentary      majority。     But
  Syndicalists have too little faith in the honesty of politicians to place any
  reliance   on   such   a   method   or   to   believe   in   the   value   of   any   revolution
  which leaves the power of the State intact。
  Syndicalist aims are somewhat less definite than Syndicalist methods。
  The     intellectuals     who     endeavor      to   interpret    themnot      always     very
  faithfully represent them as a party of movement and change; following
  a Bergsonian   elan vital;  without   needing   any  very  clear  prevision   of  the
  goal to which it is to take them。 Nevertheless; the negative part; at any rate;
  of their objects is sufficiently clear。
  They     wish    to  destroy    the   State;   which    they    regard    as  a  capitalist
  institution;   designed   essentially   to   terrorize   the   workers。   They   refuse   to
  believe that it would be any better under State Socialism。 They desire to
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  see   each   industry   self…governing;   but   as   to   the   means   of   adjusting   the
  relations   between   different   industries;   they   are   not   very   clear。   They   are
  anti…militarist because they are anti…State; and because French troops have
  often    been    employed      against    them    in  strikes;   also   because     they   are
  internationalists;   who   believe   that   the   sole   interest   of   the   working   man
  everywhere   is   to   free   himself   from   the   tyranny   of   the   capitalist。   Their
  outlook     on   life  is  the  very   reverse    of  pacifist;   but  they   oppose     wars
  between States on the ground that these are not fought for objects that in
  any  way  concern   the   workers。 Their   anti…militarism;   more   than   anything
  else; brought them into conflict with the authorities in the years preceding
  the war。 But; as was to be expected; it did not survive the actual invasion
  of France。
  The     doctrines     of  Syndicalism       may     be   illustrated    by   an   article
  introducing it to English readers in the first number of ‘‘The Syndicalist
  Railwayman;'' September; 1911; from which the following is quoted:
  ‘‘All   Syndicalism;   Collectivism;   Anarchism   aims   at   abolishing   the
  present economic status and existing private ownership of most things; but
  while     Collectivism       would     substitute    ownership       by   everybody;      and
  Anarchism        ownership     by   nobody;     Syndicalism      aims    at  ownership      by
  Organized Labor。 It is thus a purely Trade Union reading of the economic
  doctrine      and   the    class   war    preached     by    Socialism。     It  vehemently
  repudiates Parliamentary action on which Collectivism relies; and it is; in
  this respect; much more closely allied to Anarchism; from which; indeed;
  it differs in practice only in being more limited in range of action。'' (Times;
  Aug。 25; 1911)。
  In truth; so thin is   the partition between   Syndicalism and Anarchism
  that   the   newer   and    less   familiar   ‘‘ism''   has  been   shrewdly   defined      as
  ‘‘Organized Anarchy。'' It has been created by the Trade Unions of France;
  but it is obviously an international plant; whose roots have already found
  the soil of Britain most congenial to its growth and fructification。
  Collectivist   or   Marxian   Socialism   would   have   us   believe   that   it   is
  distinctly a LABOR Movement; but it is not so。 Neither is Anarchism。 The
  one   is   substantially   bourgeois;   the   other   aristocratic;   plus   an   abundant
  output   of   book…learning;   in   either   case。   Syndicalism;   on   the   contrary;   is
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  indubitably      laborist    in  origin   and    aim;   owing     next   to  nothing    to   the
  ‘‘Classes;''   and;   indeed;;   resolute   to   uproot   them。   The   Times   (Oct。   13;
  1910); which almost single…handed in the British Press has kept creditably
  abreast of Continental Syndicalism; thus clearly set forth the significance
  of the General Strike:
  ‘‘To   understand   what   it   means;   we   must   remember   that   there   is   in
  France a powerful Labor Organization which has for its open and avowed
  object a Revolution; in which not only the present order of Society; but the
  State itself; is to be swept away。 This movement is called Syndicalism。 It
  is   not   Socialism;   but;   on   the   contrary;   radically   opposed   to   Socialism;
  because the Syndicalists hold that the State is the great enemy and that the
  Socialists' ideal of State or Collectivist Ownership would make the lot of
  the   Workers   much   worse   than   it   is   now   under   private   employers。   The
  means by which they hope to attain their end is the General Strike; an idea
  which   was   invented   by   a   French   workman   about   twenty   years   ago;'27'
  and   was   adopted   by  the  French   Labor  Congress in   1894;  after  a   furious
  battle with the Socialists; in which the latter were worsted。 Since then the
  General   Strike   has   been   the   avowed   policy   of   the   Syndicalists;   whose
  organization is the Confederation Generale du Travail。''
  '27' In fact the General Strike was invented by a Londoner William
  Benbow; an Owenite; in 1831。
  Or; to put it otherwise; the intelligent French worker has awakened;
  as   he   believes;   to   the   fact that   Society  (Societas)   and   the   State   (Civitas)
  connote two separable spheres of human activity; between which there is
  no   connection;   necessary   or   desirable。   Without   the   one;          man;   being   a
  gregarious      animal;     cannot    subsist:   while    without     the  other    he   would
  simply      be   in  clover。   The    ‘‘statesman''     whom      office   does    not   render
  positively nefarious is at best an expensive superfluity。
  Syndicalists   have   had   many   violent   encounters   with   the   forces   of
  government。   In   1907   and   1908;   protesting   against   bloodshed   which   had
  occurred in the suppression of strikes; the Committee of the C。 G。 T。 issued
  manifestoes speaking of the Government as ‘‘a Government of assassins''
  and alluding to the Prime Minister as ‘‘Clemenceau the murderer。'' Similar
  events in the strike at Villeneuve St。 Georges in 1908 led to the arrest of all
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  the leading members of the Committee。 In the railway strike of October;
  1910;     Monsieur      Briand    arrested   the   Strike   Committee;      mobilized     the
  railway   men   and   sent   soldiers   to   replace   strikers。   As   a   result   of   these
  vigorous measures the strike   was   completely defeated;  and after this the
  chief    energy     of   the  C。   G。   T。   was    directed    against    militarism    and
  nationalism。
  The attitude of Anarchism to the Syndicalist movement is sympathetic;
  with the reservation that such methods