第 13 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9322
  making work pleasant: he holds that; in such a community as he foresees;
  practically  everyone   will prefer   work   to   idleness;   because   work   will   not
  involve      overwork       or    slavery;    or   that    excessive      specialization      that
  industrialism has brought about; but will be merely a pleasant activity for
  certain     hours    of  the   day;   giving    a  man    an   outlet   for   his  spontaneous
  constructive       impulses。      There     is   to   be   no    compulsion;       no   law;    no
  government exercising force; there will still be acts of the community; but
  these     are   to   spring    from    universal     consent;     not    from    any    enforced
  submission   of   even   the   smallest   minority。   We   shall   examine   in   a   later
  chapter   how   far   such   an   ideal   is   realizable;   but   it   cannot   be   denied   that
  Kropotkin presents it with extraordinary persuasiveness and charm。
  We should be doing more than justice to Anarchism if we did not say
  something   of   its   darker   side;   the   side   which   has   brought   it   into   conflict
  with   the   police   and   made   it   a   word   of   terror   to   ordinary   citizens。   In   its
  39
  … Page 40…
  PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
  general doctrines there is nothing essentially involving violent methods or
  a virulent hatred of the rich; and many who adopt these general doctrines
  are personally gentle and temperamentally averse from violence。 But the
  general   tone   of   the Anarchist   press   and   public   is   bitter   to   a   degree   that
  seems scarcely sane; and the appeal; especially in Latin countries; is rather
  to   envy   of   the   fortunate   than   to   pity   for   the   unfortunate。   A   vivid   and
  readable; though not wholly reliable; account; from a hostile point of view;
  is   given   in   a   book   called   ‘‘Le   Peril   Anarchiste;''   by   Felix   Dubois;'17'
  which      incidentally     reproduces     a   number     of   cartoons    from     anarchist
  journals。 The revolt against law naturally leads; except in those who are
  controlled by a real passion for humanity; to a relaxation of all the usually
  accepted   moral   rules;   and   to   a   bitter   spirit   of   retaliatory   cruelty   out   of
  which good can hardly come。
  '17' Paris; 1894。
  One    of  the   most    curious    features    of   popular    Anarchism       is  its
  martyrology; aping Christian forms; with the guillotine (in France) in place
  of the cross。 Many who have suffered death at the hands of the authorities
  on account of acts of violence were no doubt genuine sufferers for their
  belief in a cause; but others; equally honored; are more questionable。 One
  of   the   most   curious   examples   of   this   outlet   for   the   repressed   religious
  impulse is the cult of Ravachol; who was guillotined in 1892 on account of
  various dynamite outrages。 His past was dubious; but he died defiantly; his
  last words were three lines from a well…known Anarchist song; the ‘‘Chant
  du Pere Duchesne'':
  Si tu veux etre heureux;                               Nom de Dieu!
  Pends ton proprietaire。
  As was natural; the leading Anarchists took no part in the canonization
  of    his   memory;      nevertheless      it  proceeded;     with    the   most    amazing
  extravagances。
  It would be wholly unfair to judge Anarchist doctrine; or the views of
  its   leading    exponents;     by  such    phenomena;       but  it  remains    a  fact  that
  Anarchism  attracts   to   itself   much   that   lies   on   the  borderland   of   insanity
  and common crime。'18' This must be remembered in exculpation of   the
  authorities and the thoughtless public; who often confound in a common
  40
  … Page 41…
  PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
  detestation the parasites of the movement and the truly heroic and high…
  minded men who have elaborated its theories and sacrificed comfort and
  success to their propagation。
  '18' The attitude of all the better Anarchists is that expressed by L。 S。
  Bevington in the words: ‘‘Of course we know that among those who call
  themselves Anarchists there are a minority of unbalanced enthusiasts who
  look   upon   every   illegal   and   sensational   act   of   violence   as   a   matter   for
  hysterical jubilation。 Very useful to the police and the press; unsteady in
  intellect    and   of   weak    moral     principle;   they    have   repeatedly     shown
  themselves   accessible   to   venal   considerations。   They;   and   their   violence;
  and their professed Anarchism are purchasable; and in the last resort they
  are welcome and efficient partisans of the bourgeoisie in its remorseless
  war against the deliverers of the people。'' His conclusion is a very wise one:
  ‘‘Let us leave indiscriminate killing and injuring to the Governmentto its
  Statesmen; its Stockbrokers; its Officers; and its Law。'' (‘‘Anarchism and
  Violence;'' pp。 9…10。       Liberty Press; Chiswick; 1896。)
  The terrorist campaign in which such men as Ravachol were active
  practically came to an end in 1894。 After that time; under the influence of
  Pelloutier;   the   better   sort   of   Anarchists   found   a   less   harmful   outlet   by
  advocating   Revolutionary  Syndicalism  in   the Trade   Unions   and   Bourses
  du Travail。'19'
  '19' See next Chapter。
  The ECONOMIC organization of society; as conceived by Anarchist
  Communists;        does    not   differ   greatly   from    that   which    is  sought    by
  Socialists。 Their difference from Socialists is in the matter of government:
  they demand that government shall require the consent of all the governed;
  and not only of a majority。 It is undeniable that the rule of a majority may
  be almost as hostile to freedom as the rule of a minority: the divine right
  of majorities is a dogma as little possessed of absolute truth as any other。
  A  strong   democratic   State   may   easily   be   led   into   oppression   of   its   best
  citizens;  namely;   those   those   independence   of   mind   would   make   them  a
  force   for   progress。   Experience   of   democratic   parliamentary   government
  has shown that it falls very far short of what was expected of it by early
  Socialists; and the Anarchist revolt against it is not surprising。 But in the
  41
  … Page 42…
  PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
  form of pure Anarchism; this revolt has remained weak and sporadic。 It is
  Syndicalism; and the movements to which Syndicalism has given rise; that
  have popularized the revolt against parliamentary government and purely
  political means of emancipating the wage earner。 But this movement must
  be dealt with in a separate chapter。
  CHAPTER III
  THE SYNDICALIST REVOLT
  SYNDICALISM            arose    in   France    as   a  revolt    against    political
  Socialism; and in order to understand it we must trace in brief outline the
  positions attained by Socialist parties in the various countries。
  After a severe setback; caused by the Franco… Prussian war; Socialism
  gradually   revived;   and   in   all   the   countries   of   Western   Europe   Socialist
  parties have increased their numerical strength almost continuously during
  the last forty years; but; as is invariably the case with a growing sect; the
  intensity of faith has diminished as the number of believers has increased。
  In   Germany   the   Socialist   party   became   the   strongest   faction   of   the
  Reichstag; and;  in   spite of differences   of opinion   among   its   members;  it
  preserved its formal unity with that instinct for military discipline which
  characterizes   the   German       nation。   In  the   Reichstag    election   of   1912   it
  polled a third of the total number of votes cast; and returned 110 members
  out   of   a   total   of   397。   After   the   death   of   Bebel;   the   Revisionists;   who
  received     their  first  impulse    from    Bernstein;    overcame     the   more    strict
  Marxians;      and    the  party    became     in  effect   merely    one    of  advanced
  Radicalism。   It   is   too   soon   to   guess   what   will   be   the   effect   of   the   split
  between Majority and Minority Socialists which has occurred during the
  war。 There is in Germany hardly a trace of Syndicalism; its characteristic
  doctrine; the preference of industrial to political action; has found scarcely
  any support。
  In England Marx has never had many followers。 Socialism there has
  been   inspired