第 10 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9322
  and    concentrate     attention   upon    the   communistic      form。    Socialism    and
  Anarchist Communism alike have arisen from the perception that private
  capital is a source of tyranny by certain individuals over others。 Orthodox
  Socialism      believes    that  the   individual    will   become     free   if  the  State
  becomes the sole capitalist。 Anarchism; on the contrary; fears that in that
  case    the  State   might    merely    inherit  the   tyrannical    propensities    of  the
  private     capitalist。  Accordingly;      it  seeks    for  a   means    of   reconciling
  communal ownership with the utmost possible diminution in the powers of
  the State; and indeed ultimately with the complete abolition of the State。 It
  has arisen mainly within the Socialist movement as its extreme left wing。
  In the same sense in which Marx may be regarded as the founder of
  modern Socialism; Bakunin may be regarded as the founder of Anarchist
  Communism。   But   Bakunin   did   not   produce;   like   Marx;   a   finished   and
  systematic body of doctrine。 The nearest approach to this will be found in
  the    writings   of   his  follower;    Kropotkin。     In  order    to  explain   modern
  Anarchism we shall begin with the life of Bakunin'12' and the history of
  his conflicts with Marx; and shall then give a brief account of Anarchist
  theory     as   set  forth    partly   in   his  writings;    but   more     in   those   of
  Kropotkin。'13'
  '12' An account of the life of Bakunin from the Anarchist standpoint
  will   be   found   in   vol。   ii   of   the   complete   edition   of   his   works:   ‘‘Michel
  Bakounine; OEuvres;'' Tome II。 Avec une notice biographique; des avant…
  propos et des notes; par James Guillaume。 Paris; P。…V; Stock; editeur; pp。
  v…lxiii。
  '13' Criticism of these theories will be reserved for Part II。
  Michel   Bakunin   was   born   in   1814   of   a   Russian   aristocratic   family。
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  His father was a diplomatist; who at the time of Bakunin's birth had retired
  to   his   country   estate   in   the   Government   of   Tver。   Bakunin   entered   the
  school   of   artillery   in   Petersburg   at   the   age   of   fifteen;   and   at   the   age   of
  eighteen was sent as an ensign to a regiment stationed in the Government
  of   Minsk。  The   Polish   insurrection   of   1880   had   just   been   crushed。   ‘‘The
  spectacle of terrorized Poland;'' says Guillaume; ‘‘acted powerfully on the
  heart of the young officer; and contributed to inspire in him the horror of
  despotism。''   This   led   him   to   give   up   the   military   career   after   two   years'
  trial。 In 1834 he resigned his commission and went to Moscow; where he
  spent six years studying philosophy。 Like all philosophical students of that
  period; he became a Hegelian; and in 1840 he went to Berlin to continue
  his studies; in the hope of ultimately becoming a professor。 But after this
  time   his   opinions   underwent   a   rapid   change。   He   found   it   impossible   to
  accept the   Hegelian   maxim  that   whatever   is;  is   rational;   and   in   1842   he
  migrated to Dresden; where he became associated with Arnold Ruge; the
  publisher      of  ‘‘Deutsche      Jahrbuecher。''     By    this  time   he   had    become     a
  revolutionary;   and   in   the   following   year   he   incurred   the   hostility   of   the
  Saxon Government。 This led him to go to Switzerland; where he came in
  contact   with   a   group   of   German   Communists;   but;   as   the   Swiss   police
  importuned   him   and   the   Russian   Government   demanded   his   return;   he
  removed to Paris; where he remained from 1843 to 1847。 These years in
  Paris   were   important   in   the   formation   of   his   outlook   and   opinions。   He
  became       acquainted       with    Proudhon;       who      exercised     a    considerable
  influence   on   him;   also   with   George   Sand   and   many   other   well…   known
  people。  It   was   in   Paris   that   he   first   made   the   acquaintance   of   Marx   and
  Engels; with whom he was to carry on a lifelong battle。 At a much later
  period; in 1871; he gave the following account of his relations with Marx
  at this time:
  Marx was much more advanced than I was; as he remains to…day not
  more   advanced   but   incomparably   more   learned   than   I   am。   I   knew   then
  nothing   of   political   economy。   I   had   not   yet   rid   myself   of   metaphysical
  abstractions; and my Socialism was only instinctive。 He; though younger
  than I; was already an atheist; an instructed materialist; a well…considered
  Socialist。 It was just at this time that he elaborated the first foundations of
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  his   present   system。   We   saw   each   other   fairly   often;   for   I   respected   him
  much   for   his   learning   and   his   passionate   and   serious   devotion   (always
  mixed; however; with personal vanity) to the cause of the proletariat; and I
  sought eagerly his conversation; which was always instructive and clever;
  when it was not inspired by a paltry hate; which; alas! happened only too
  often。     But    there   was    never     any   frank    intimacy      between     as。   Our
  temperaments would not suffer it。 He called me a sentimental idealist; and
  he was right; I called him a vain man; perfidious and crafty; and I also was
  right。
  Bakunin      never    succeeded     in   staying    long   in  one    place   without
  incurring the enmity of the authorities。 In November; 1847; as the result of
  a speech praising the Polish rising of 1830; he was expelled from France at
  the request of the Russian Embassy; which; in order to rob him of public
  sympathy; spread the   unfounded report that he had been an   agent of the
  Russian Government; but was no longer wanted because he had gone too
  far。   The   French     Government;       by   calculated    reticence;   encouraged      this
  story; which clung to him more or less throughout his life。
  Being     compelled      to  leave   France;    he   went   to   Brussels;    where    he
  renewed   acquaintance   with   Marx。   A   letter   of   his;   written   at   this   time;
  shows that he entertained already that bitter hatred for which afterward he
  had    so   much     reason。    ‘‘The    Germans;      artisans;   Bornstedt;     Marx    and
  Engelsand;   above        all;   Marxare   here;   doing   their   ordinary   mischief。
  Vanity;      spite;    gossip;      theoretical     overbearingness         and     practical
  pusillanimityreflections         on   life;  action   and   simplicity;    and   complete
  absence of life; action and simplicityliterary and argumentative artisans
  and   repulsive   coquetry   with   them:   ‘Feuerbach   is   a   bourgeois;'   and   the
  word ‘bourgeois' grown into an epithet and repeated ad nauseum; but all of
  them     themselves      from    head   to  foot;   through     and   through;    provincial
  bourgeois。 With one word; lying and stupidity; stupidity and lying。 In this
  society there is no possibility of drawing a free; full breath。 I hold myself
  aloof   from   them;   and   have   declared   quite   decidedly   that   I   will   not   join
  their communistic union of artisans; and will have nothing to do with it。''
  The   Revolution       of  1848    led   him   to  return   to  Paris   and   thence   to
  Germany。 He had a quarrel with Marx over a matter in which he himself
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  confessed later   that   Marx   was   in   the   right。   He   became   a   member   of   the
  Slav Congress in Prague; where he vainly endeavored to promote a Slav
  insurrection。   Toward   the   end   of   1848;   he   wrote   an   ‘‘Appeal   to   Slavs;''
  calling on them to combine with other revolutionaries to destroy the three
  oppressive monarchies; Russia; Austria and Prussia。 Marx attacked him in
  print;   saying;   in   effect;   that   the   movement   for   Bohemian   independence
  was   futile   because   the   Slavs   had   no   future;   at   any   rate   in   those   regions
  where   they   hap…   pened   to   be   subject   to   Germany   and Austria。   Bakunin
  accused Mars of German patriotism in this matter; and Marx accused him
  of Pan…Slavism; no doubt in both cases justly。 Before this dispute; however;
  a   much   more   serious   quarrel   had   taken   place。   Marx's   paper;   the   ‘‘Neue
  Rheinische Zeitung;'' stated that George Sand had papers proving Bakunin
  to   be   a   Russian   Governmen