第 9 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9322
  into the service of the people。 The modern State; says Sorel; ‘‘is a body of
  intellectuals;     which     is  invested     with   privileges;     and   which     possesses
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  means of the kind called political for defending itself against the attacks
  made on it by other groups of intellectuals; eager to possess the profits of
  public employment。 Parties are constituted in order to acquire the conquest
  of these employments; and they are analogous to the State。'''10'
  '10' La Decomposition du Marxisme;'' p。 53。
  Syndicalists aim at organizing men; not by party; but by occupation。
  This;   they   say;   alone   represents   the   true   conception   and   method   of   the
  class   war。  Accordingly   they   despise   all   POLITICAL   action   through   the
  medium       of   Parliament     and    elections:    the   kind   of   action    that  they
  recommend is direct action by the revolutionary syndicate or trade union。
  The battle… cry of industrial versus political action has spread far beyond
  the   ranks   of   French   Syndicalism。   It   is   to   be   found   in   the   I。   W。   W。   in
  America;   and   among   Industrial   Unionists   and   Guild   Socialists   in   Great
  Britain。 Those who advocate it; for the most part; aim also at a different
  goal    from   that   of  Marx。    They   believe     that  there   can   be  no   adequate
  individual freedom where the State is all…powerful; even if the State be a
  Socialist one。 Some of them are out…and… out Anarchists; who wish to see
  the State wholly abolished; others only wish to curtail its authority。 Owing
  to   this   movement;   opposition   to   Marx;   which   from   the   Anarchist   side
  existed   from  the   first;   has   grown   very   strong。   It   is   this   opposition   in   its
  older form that will occupy us in our next chapter。
  CHAPTER II
  BAKUNIN AND ANARCHISM
  IN the popular mind; an Anarchist is a person who throws bombs and
  commits      other   outrages;    either   because    he   is  more    or  less  insane;   or
  because he uses the pretense of extreme political opinions as a cloak for
  criminal   proclivities。   This   view   is;   of   course;   in   every   way   inadequate。
  Some Anarchists believe in throwing bombs; many do not。 Men of almost
  every     other   shade    of  opinion    believe    in  throwing     bombs     in  suitable
  circumstances:   for   example;   the   men   who   threw   the   bomb   at   Sarajevo
  which started the present war were not Anarchists; but Nationalists。 And
  those Anarchists who are in favor of bomb…throwing do not in this respect
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  differ   on   any   vital   principle   from   the   rest   of   the   community;   with   the
  exception of that infinitesimal portion who adopt the Tolstoyan attitude of
  non…resistance。 Anarchists; like Socialists; usually believe in the doctrine
  of the class war; and if they use bombs; it is as Governments use bombs;
  for   purposes   of   war:   but   for   every  bomb   manufactured   by  an Anarchist;
  many   millions      are   manufactured      by   Governments;       and   for  every   man
  killed by Anarchist violence; many millions are killed by the violence of
  States。 We may; therefore; dismiss from our minds the whole question of
  violence; which plays so large a part in the popular imagination; since it is
  neither essential nor peculiar to those who adopt the Anarchist position。
  Anarchism; as its derivation indicates; is the theory which is opposed
  to   every   kind   of   forcible   government。   It   is   opposed   to   the   State   as   the
  embodiment of the force employed in the government of the community。
  Such government as Anarchism can tolerate must be free government; not
  merely in the sense that it is that of a majority; but in the sense that it is
  that assented to by all。 Anarchists object to such institutions as the police
  and   the   criminal   law;   by   means   of   which   the   will   of   one   part   of   the
  community is forced upon another part。 In their view; the democratic form
  of government is not very enormously preferable to other forms so long as
  minorities are compelled by force or its potentiality to submit to the will of
  majorities。 Liberty is the supreme good in the Anarchist creed; and liberty
  is   sought   by   the   direct   road   of   abolishing   all   forcible   control   over   the
  individual by the community。
  Anarchism; in this sense; is no new doctrine。 It is set forth admirably
  by Chuang Tzu; a Chinese philosopher; who lived about the year 300 B。
  C。:
  Horses have hoofs to carry them over frost and snow; hair; to protect
  them  from   wind   and   cold。  They  eat   grass   and   drink   water;   and   fling   up
  their heels over the champaign。 Such is the real nature of horses。 Palatial
  dwellings are of no use to them。
  One   day  Po   Lo   appeared;   saying:   ‘‘I   understand   the   management   of
  horses。''
  So he branded them; and clipped them; and pared their hoofs; and put
  halters on them; tying them up by the head and shackling them by the feet;
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  and disposing them in stables; with the result that two or three in every ten
  died。 Then he kept   them  hungry and   thirsty;  trotting them  and   galloping
  them; and grooming; and trimming; with the misery of the tasselled bridle
  before   and   the   fear   of   the   knotted   whip   behind;   until   more   than   half   of
  them were dead。
  The potter says: ‘‘I can do what I will with Clay。 If I want it round; I
  use compasses; if rectangular; a square。''
  The   carpenter   says:   ‘‘I   can   do   what   I   will   with   wood。   If   I   want   it
  curved; I use an arc; if straight; a line。''
  But on what grounds can we think that the natures of clay and wood
  desire     this   application     of   compasses       and   square;     of   arc   and   line?
  Nevertheless; every age extols Po Lo for his skill in managing horses; and
  potters   and   carpenters   for   their   skill   with   clay   and   wood。   Those   who
  govern the empire make the same mistake。
  Now I regard government of the empire from quite a different point of
  view。
  The     people     have    certain    natural    instincts:to    weave     and    clothe
  themselves; to till and feed themselves。 These are common to all humanity;
  and all are agreed thereon。 Such instincts are called ‘‘Heaven…sent。''
  And     so   in  the  days    when    natural    instincts   prevailed;     men    moved
  quietly     and    gazed    steadily。    At   that   time   there    were    no   roads    over
  mountains;  nor   boats;  nor   bridges over   water。 All   things   were   produced;
  each   for   its   own   proper   sphere。   Birds   and   beasts   multiplied;   trees   and
  shrubs grew up。 The former might be led by the hand; you could climb up
  and peep into the raven's nest。 For then man dwelt with birds and beasts;
  and all creation was one。 There were no distinctions of good and bad men。
  Being   all   equally   without   knowledge;   their   virtue   could   not   go   astray。
  Being   all   equally   without   evil   desires;   they   were   in   a   state   of   natural
  integrity; the perfection of human existence。
  But     when     Sages    appeared;     tripping     up   people    over    charity    and
  fettering   them  with   duty   to   their  neighbor;   doubt   found   its   way  into   the
  world。 And then; with their gushing over music and fussing over ceremony;
  the empire became divided against itself。'11'
  '11' ‘‘Musings of a Chinese Mystic。'' Selections from the Philosophy
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  of   Chuang   Tzu。   With   an   Introduction   by   Lionel   Giles;   M。A。   (Oxon。)。
  Wisdom of the East Series; John Murray; 1911。 Pages 66…68。
  The modern Anarchism; in the sense in which we shall be concerned
  with it; is associated with belief in the communal ownership of land and
  capital; and is thus in an important respect akin to Socialism。 This doctrine
  is properly called Anarchist Com… munism; but as it embraces practically
  all modern Anarchism; we may ignore individualist Anarchism altogether
  and    concentrate     attention   upon    the   communistic      form。    Socialism    and
  Anarchist Communism alike have arisen from the perc