erica　and　Europe　learned　to　recognize　his　skill。　He　had　won　a　reputation；　though　not　yet　had　he　saved　a　cause。
  CHAPTER　V。　THE　LOSS　OF　PHILADELPHIA
  Though　the　outlook　for　Washington　was　brightened　by　his　success　in　New　Jersey；　it　was　still　depressing　enough。　The　British　had　taken　New　York；　they　could　probably　take　Philadelphia　when　they　liked；　and　no　place　near　the　seacoast　was　safe。　According　to　the　votes　in　Parliament；　by　the　spring　of　1777　Britain　was　to　have　an　army　of　eighty…nine　thousand　men；　of　whom　fifty…seven　thousand　were　intended　for　colonial　garrisons　and　for　the　prosecution　of　the　war　in　America。　These　numbers　were　in　fact　never　reached；　but　the　army　of　forty　thousand　in　America　was　formidable　compared　with　Washington's　forces。　The　British　were　not　hampered　by　the　practice　of　enlisting　men　for　only　a　few　months；　which　marred　so　much　of　Washington's　effort。　Above　all　they　had　money　and　adequate　resources。　In　a　word　they　had　the　things　which　Washington　lacked　during　almost　the　whole　of　the　war。
  Washington　called　his　success　in　the　attack　at　Trenton　a　lucky　stroke。　It　was　luck　which　had　far…reaching　consequences。　Howe　had　the　fixed　idea　that　to　follow　the　capture　of　New　York　by　that　of　Philadelphia；　the　most　populous　city　in　America；　and　the　seat　of　Congress；　would　mean　great　glory　for　himself　and　a　crushing　blow　to　the　American　cause。　If　to　this　could　be　added；　as　he　intended；　the　occupation　of　the　whole　valley　of　the　Hudson；　the　year　1777　might　well　see　the　end　of　the　war。　An　acute　sense　of　the　value　of　time　is　vital　in　war。　Promptness；　the　quick　surprise　of　the　enemy；　was　perhaps　the　chief　military　virtue　of　Washington；　dilatoriness　was　the　destructive　vice　of　Howe。　He　had　so　little　contempt　for　his　foe　that　he　practised　a　blighting　caution。　On　April　12；　1777；　Washington；　in　view　of　his　own　depleted　force；　in　a　state　of　half　famine；　wrote：　〃If　Howe　does　not　take　advantage　of　our　weak　state　he　is　very　unfit　for　his　trust。〃　Howe　remained　inactive　and　time；　thus　despised；　worked　its　due　revenge。　Later　Howe　did　move；　and　with　skill；　but　he　missed　the　rapid　combination　in　action　which　was　the　first　condition　of　final　success。　He　could　have　captured　Philadelphia　in　May。　He　took　the　city；　but　not　until　September；　when　to　hold　it　had　become　a　liability　and　not　an　asset。　To　go　there　at　all　was　perhaps　unwise；　to　go　in　September　was　for　him　a　tragic　mistake。
  From　New　York　to　Philadelphia　the　distance　by　land　is　about　a　hundred　miles。　The　route　lay　across　New　Jersey；　that　〃garden　of　America〃　which　English　travelers　spoke　of　as　resembling　their　own　highly　cultivated　land。　Washington　had　his　headquarters　at　Morristown；　in　northern　New　Jersey。　His　resources　were　at　a　low　ebb。　He　had　always　the　faith　that　a　cause　founded　on　justice　could　not　fail；　but　his　letters　at　this　time　are　full　of　depressing　anxiety。　Each　State　regarded　itself　as　in　danger　and　made　care　of　its　own　interests　its　chief　concern。　By　this　time　Congress　had　lost　most　of　the　able　men　who　had　given　it　dignity　and　authority。　Like　Howe　it　had　slight　sense　of　the　value　of　time　and　imagined　that　tomorrow　was　as　good　as　today。　Wellington　once　complained　that；　though　in　supreme　command；　he　had　not　authority　to　appoint　even　a　corporal。　Washington　was　hampered　both　by　Congress　and　by　the　State　Governments　in　choosing　leaders。　He　had　some　officers；　such　as　Greene；　Knox；　and　Benedict　Arnold；　whom　he　trusted。　Others；　like　Gates　and　Conway；　were　ceaseless　intriguers。　To　General　Sullivan；　who　fancied　himself　constantly　slighted　and　ill…treated；　Washington　wrote　sharply　to　abolish　his　poisonous　suspicions。
  Howe　had　offered　easy　terms　to　those　in　New　Jersey　who　should　declare　their　loyalty　and　to　meet　this　Washington　advised　the　stern　policy　of　outlawing　every　one　who　would　not　take　the　oath　of　allegiance　to　the　United　States。　There　was　much　fluttering　of　heart　on　the　New　Jersey　farms；　much　anxious　trimming　in　order；　in　any　event；　to　be　safe。　Howe's　Hessians　had　plundered　ruthlessly　causing　deep　resentment　against　the　British。　Now　Washington　found　his　own　people　doing　the　same　thing。　Militia　officers；　themselves；　〃generally〃　as　he　said；　〃of　the　lowest　class　of　the　people；〃　not　only　stole　but　incited　their　men　to　steal。　It　was　easy　to　plunder　under　the　plea　that　the　owner　of　the　property　was　a　Tory；　whether　open　or　concealed；　and　Washington　wrote　that　the　waste　and　theft　were　〃beyond　all　conception。〃　There　were　shirkers　claiming　exemption　from　military　service　on　the　ground　that　they　were　doing　necessary　service　as　civilians。　Washington　needed　maps　to　plan　his　intricate　movements　and　could　not　get　them。　Smallpox　was　devastating　his　army　and　causing　losses　heavier　than　those　from　the　enemy。　When　pay　day　came　there　was　usually　no　money。　It　is　little　wonder　that　in　this　spring　of　1777　he　feared　that　his　army　might　suddenly　dissolve　and　leave　him　without　a　command。　In　that　case　he　would　not　have　yielded。　Rather；　so　stern　and　bitter　was　he　against　England；　would　he　have　plunged　into　the　western　wilderness　to　be　lost　in　its　vast　spaces。
  Howe　had　his　own　perplexities。　He　knew　that　a　great　expedition　under　Burgoyne　was　to　advance　from　Canada　southward　to　the　Hudson。　Was　he　to　remain　with　his　whole　force　at　New　York　until　the　time　should　come　to　push　up　the　river　to　meet　Burgoyne？　He　had　a　copy　of　the　instructions　given　in　England　to　Burgoyne　by　Lord　George　Germain；　but　he　was　himself　without　orders。　Afterwards　the　reason　became　known。　Lord　George　Germain　had　dictated　the　order　to　cooperate　with　Burgoyne；　but　had　hurried　off　to　the　country　before　it　was　ready　for　his　signature　and　it　had　been　mislaid。　Howe　seemed　free　to　make　his　own　plans　and　he　longed　to　be　master　of　the　enemy's　capital。　In　the　end　he　decided　to　take　Philadelphiaa　task　easy　enough；　as　the　event　proved。　At　Howe's　elbow　was　the　traitorous　American　general；　Charles　Lee；　whom　he　had　recently　captured；　and　Lee；　as　we　know；　told　him　that　Maryland　and　Pennsylvania　were　at　heart　loyal　to　the　King　and　panting　to　be　free　from　the　tyranny　of　the　demagogue。　Once　firmly　in　the　capital　Howe　believed　that　he　would　have　secure　control　of　Maryland；　Pennsylvania；　and　New　Jersey。　He　could　achieve　this　and　be　back　at　New　York　in　time　to　meet　Burgoyne；　perhaps　at　Albany。　Then　he　would　hold　the　colony　of　New　York　from　Staten　Island　to　the　Canadian　frontier。　Howe　found　that　he　could　send　ships　up　the　Hudson；　and　the　American　army　had　to　stand　on　the　banks　almost　helpless　against　the　mobility　of　sea　power。　Washington's　left　wing　rested　on　the　Hudson　and　he　held　both　banks　but　neither　at　Peekskill　nor；　as　yet；　farther　up　at　West　Point；　could　his　forts　prevent　the　passage　of　ships。　It　was　a　different　matter　for　the　British　to　advance　on　land。　But　the　ships　went　up　and　down　in　the　spring　of　1777。　It　would　be　easy　enough　to　help　Burgoyne　when　the　time　should　come。
  It　was　summer　before　Howe　was　ready　to　move；　and　by　that　time　he　had　received　instructions　that　his　first　aim　must　be　to　cooperate　with　Burgoyne。　First；　however；　he　was　resolved　to　have　Philadelphia。　Washington　watched　Howe　in　perplexity。　A　great　fleet　and　a　great　army　lay　at　New　York。　Why　did　they　not　move？　Washington　knew　perfectly　well　what　he　himself　would　have　done　in　Howe's　place。　He　would　have　attacked　rapidly　in　April　the　weak　American　army　and；　after　destroying　or　dispersing　it；　would　have　turned　to　meet　Burgoyne　coming　southward　from　Canada。　Howe　did　send　a　strong　force　into　New　Jersey。　But　he　did　not　know　how　weak　Washington　really　was；　for　that　master　of　craft　in　war　disseminated　with　great　skill　false　information　as　to　his　own　supposed　overwhelming　strength。　Howe　had　been　bitten　once　by　advancing　too　far　into　New　Jersey　and　was　not　going　to　take　risks。　He　tried　to　entice　Washington　from　the　hills　to　attack　in　open　country。　He　marched　here　and　there　in　New　Jersey　and　kept　Washington　alarmed　and　exhausted　by　counter　marches；　and　always　puzzled　as　to　what　the　next　move　should　be。　Howe　purposely　let　one　of　his　secret　messengers　be　taken　bearing　a　despatch　saying　that　the　fleet　was　about　to　sail　for　Boston。　All　these　things　took　time　and　the　summer　was　slipping　away。　In　the　end　Washington　realized　that　Howe　intended　to　make　his　move　not　by　land　but　by　sea。　Could　it　be　possible　that　he　was　not　going　to　make　aid　to　Burgoyne　his　chief　purpose？　Could　it　be　that　he　would　attack　Boston？　Washington　hoped　so　for　he　knew　the　reception　certain　at　Boston。　Or　was　his　goal　Charleston？　On　the　23d　of　July；　when　the　summer　was　more　than　half　gone；　Washington　began　to　see　more　clearly。　On　that　day　Howe　had　embarked　eighteen　thousand　men　and　the　fleet　put　to　sea　from　Staten　Island。
  Howe　was　doing　what　able　officers　with　him；　such　as　Cornwallis；　Grey；　and　the　German　Knyphausen；　appear　to　have　been　unanimous　in　thinking　he　should　not　do。　He　was　misled　not　only　by　the　desire　to　strike　at　the　very　center　of　the　rebellion；　but　also　by　the　assurance　of　the　traitorous　Lee　that　to　take　Philadelphia　would　be　the　effective　signal　to　all　the　American　Loyalists；　the　overwhelming　majority　of　the　people；　as　was　believed；　that　sedition　had　failed。　A　tender　parent；　the　King；　was　ready　to　have　the　colonies　back　in　their　former　relation　and　to　give　them　secure　guarantees　of　future　liberty。　Any　one　w