Scots　nation　from　　Gathelus；　son　of　Cecrops；　King　of　Athens；　and　Scota　his　wife；　daughter　of　Pharaoh；　King　of　Egypt；　and；　of　course；　they　were　no　less　eager　to　claim　a　　lofty　and　illustrious　lineage　for　their　own　clan。　　But　authentic　history　is　　silent　as　to　the　two　wandering　Irish　Knights；　and　the　reputed　charter　（the　　elder　one　being　palpably　erroneous）　cannot　now　be　found。　　For　two　　centuries　after　the　reigns　of　the　Alexanders；　the　district　of　Kintail　formed　　pin　of　the　lordship　of　the　Isles；　and　was　held　by　the　Earls　of　Ross。　　The　Mackenzies；　however；　can　he　easily　traced　to　their　wild　mountainous　and　　picturesque　countryCeann…da…Shailthe　Head　of　the　two　Seas。〃
  This　is　from　an　independent；　impartial　writer　who　had　　no　interest　whatever　in　supporting　either　the　one　theory　or　the　other。　　Sir　William　　Fraser；　the　well…known　　author　of　so　many　valuable　　private　family　histories；　incidentally　refers　to　the　forged　charter　in　his　　Earls　of　Cromartie；　written　specially　for　the　late　Duke　of　Sutherland。　　He　　was　naturally　unwilling　to　offend　the　susceptibilities　of　the　Mackenzie　　chiefs；　all　of　whom　had　hitherto　claimed　Colin　Fitzgerald　as　their　　progenitor；　but　he　was　forced　to　admit　the　inconclusive　character　of　the　　disputed　charter；　and　that　no　such　charter　was　granted　to　Colin　Fitzgerald　　by　Alexander　III。　　Sir　William　says：〃In　the　middle　of　the　seventeenth　　century；　when　Lord　Cromartie　wrote　his　history；　the　means　of　　ascertaining；　by　the　names　of　witnesses　and　other　ways；　the　true　granter　of　　a　charter　and　the　date　were　not　so　accessible　as　at　present。　　The　mistake　of　　attributing　the　Kintail　charter　to　King　Alexander　the　Third；　instead　of　　King　Alexander　the　Second；　cannot　be　regarded　as　a　very　serious　error　in　　the　circumstances。〃　　Sir　William；　it　will　be　observed；　gives　up　the　charter　　from　Alexander　III。　　The　mere　admission　that　it　is　not　of　Alexander　III。　　is　　conclusive　against　its　ever　having　been　granted　to　Colin　Fitzgerald　at　all；　　for；　as　already　pointed　out；　that　adventurer；　if　he　ever　existed；　did　not；　even　according　to　his　stoutest　supporters；　cross　the　Irish　Channel；　nor　was　　he　ever　heard　of　on　this　side　of　it；　for　more　than　thirty　years　after　the　date　　written　on　the　face　of　the　document　itself　could　possibly　have　been　　genuine；　the　witnesses　whose　names　appear　as　attesting　it　having　been　in　　there　graves　for　more　than　a　generation　before　the　battle　of　Largs　was　　fought。
  When　the　ablest　upholders　of　the　Colin　Fitzgerald　theory　are　　obliged　to　make　　such　admissions　and　explanations　as　these；　they　explain　away　their　whole　case　and　they　must　be　held　to　have　practically　given　it　　up　for　once　admit；　as　Sir　William　Fraser　does；　that　the　charter　is　of　the　reign　of　Alexander　II。　（1230）；　it　cannot　possibly　have　any　reference　to　　Colin　　Fitzgerald；　who；　according　to　those　who　support　the　Irish　origin　of　　the　clan；　only　arrived　in　Scotland　from　Ireland　in　1262　and　it　is　equally　absurd　and　impossible　to　maintain　that　a　charter　granted　in　1230　could　　have　been　a　reward　for　services　rendered　or　valour　displayed　at　the　battle　　of　Largs；　which　was　fought　in　1263；　to　say　nothing　of　the　now　admittedly　impossible　date　and　signatures　written　on　the　face　of　the　document　itself；　　and　Sir　William　Fraser　having；　by　the　logic　of　facts；　been　forced　to　give　up　　that　crucial　point；　should　in　consistency　have　at　the　same　time　given　up　　Colin　Fitzgerald。　　And　in　reality　he　practically　did　so；　for　having　stated　　that　the　later　reputed　charters　of　1360　and　1380　are　not　now　known　to　　exist；　he　adds；　〃But　the　terms　of　them　as　quoted　in　the　early　histories　of　　the　family　are　consistent　with　either　theory　of　the　origin　of　the　　Mackenzies；　whether　descended　from　Colin　Fitzgerald　or　Colin　of　the　　Aird。〃　In　this　he　is　quite　correct；　but　it　is　impossible　to　say　the　same　thing　　of　the　earlier　charter；　which　all　the　authorities　worth　listening　to　now　　admit　to　be　a　palpable　forgery　of　the　seventeenth　century；　and　Sir　William　　virtually　admits　as　much。
  There　is　one　other　fact　which　alone　would　be　almost　conclusive　against　the　Fitzgerald　theory。　　Not　a　single　man　of　the　name　Colin　is　　found；　either　among　the　chiefs　or　members　of　the　clan　from　their　first　　appearance　in　history　until　we　come　to　Colin　cam　Mackenzie　XI。　of　　Kintail；　who　succeeded　in　June；　1568a　period　of　three　hundred　years　　after　the　alleged　date　of　the　reputed　charter　to　Colin　Fitzgerald。　　Colin　Cam　was　a　second　son；　his　eldest　brother；　Murdoch；　having　died　during　　his　father's　life　and　before　he　attained　majority；　when　Colin　became　heir　to　the　estates。　　It　was　then；　as　now；　a　common　custom　to　name　the　second　　son　after　some　prominent　member　of　his　mother's　family；　and　this　was；　no　　doubt；　what　was　done　in　the　case　of　Colin　Cam；　the　first　Colin　who　　appearsas　late　as　the　middle　of　the　sixteenth　centuryin　the　genealogy　of　the　Mackenzies。　　His　mother　was　Lady　Elizabeth　Stewart；　daughter　of　John；　Earl　of　Atholl；　by　Lady　Mary　Campbell；　daughter　of　Archibald；　second；　and　sister　of　Colin；　third　Earl　of　Argyll。　　Colin　Cam　Mackenzie　　XI。　of　Kintail；　and　the　first　of　the　name　in　the　family　genealogy；　was　thus　　called　Colin　by　his　mother；　Lady　Elizabeth　Stewart；　after　her　uncle　Colin；　　third　Earl　of　Argyll。　　It　scarcely　needs　to　be　pointed　out　how　very　improbable　it　is　that；　　had　Colin　Fitzgerald　been　really　the　progenitor　of　the　Mackenzies；　his　　name　would　have　been　so　completely　ignored　as　a　family　name　for　more　than　　three　　hundred　years　in　face　of　the　invariable　custom　among　all　other　　notable　Highland　houses　of　honouring　their　direct　ancestors　by　continuing　their　names　as　the　leading　names　in　the　family　genealogy。
  It　is　believed　that　no　one　who　brings　an　　independent；　　unprejudiced。　mind　to　bear　upon　the　question　discussed　in　the　preceding　　pages　can　help　coming　to　the　conclusion　that　the　Colin　Fitzgerald　theory　is　completely　disposed　of。　　It　is　indeed　extremely　doubtful　whether　such　a　　person　ever　existed；　but　in　any　case　it　has　been　conclusively　proved　by　the　　evidence　of　those　who　claim　him　as　their　ancestor　that　he　never　could　　have　been　what　they　allegethe　progenitor　of　the　Mackenzies；　whom　all　　the　best　authorities　now　maintain　to　be　of　purely　native　Celtic　origin。　　And　　if　this　be　so；　is　it　not　unpatriotic　in　the　highest　degree　for　the　heads　of　our　　principal　Mackenzie　families　to　persist　in　supplying　Burke；　Foster；　and　　other　authors　of　Peerages；　Baronet　ages；　and　County　Families；　with　the　details　of　an　alien　Irish　origin　like　the　impossible　Fitzgerald　myth　upon　which　they　have；　in　entire　error；　been　feeding　their　vanity　since　its　　invention　by　the　first　Earl　of　Cromartie　little　more　than　two　hundred　years　　ago。　　　For　be　it　remembered　that　all　these　Norman　and　Florentine　　pedigrees　and　　descents　are　supplied　to　the　compilers　of　such　genealogical　　works　as　those　by　members　of　the　respective　families　themselves；　and　that　the　editors　are　not　personally　responsible　for　nor　do　they　in　any　way　　guarantee　their　accuracy。　　　It　is　really　difficult　to　understand　the　feeling　　that　has　so　long　prompted　most　of　our　leading　Highlanders　to　show　such　an　unnatural　and　unpatriotic　preference　for　alien　progenitorsclaiming　the　Norman　enemies　and　conquerers　of　their　country；　or　mythical　Irish　adventurers；　as　ancestors　to　be　proud　of。　　Writing　of　the　clans　who　claim　this　alien　origin　the　late　Dr　W。　F。　Skene；　Historiographer　Royal　for　　Scotland；　says
  〃As　the　identity　of　the　false　aspect　which　the　true　tradition；　assumes　in　all　these　cases　implies　that　the　case　was　the　same　all；　we　may　assume　that　wherever　these　two　circumstances　are　to　he　found　combined；　　of　a　clan　claiming　a　foreign　origin　and　asserting　a　marriage　with　the　　heiress　of　a　Highland　family　whose　estates　they　possessed　and　whose　　followers　they　led；　they　must　invariably　have　been　the　oldest　cadet　of　that　　family；　who；　by　usurpation　or　otherwise；　had　become　de　facto　chief　of　the　clan；　and　who　covered　their　defect　by　right　of　blood　by　denying　their　　descent　from　the　clan；　and　asserting　that　the　founder　had　married　the　　heiress　of　its　chief。〃　＇Highlands　and　Highlanders。＇
  In　his　later　and　more　important　work　the　same　learned　historian　discusses　this　question　at　great　length。　　He　analyses　all　the　doubtful　　pedigrees　and　origins　claimed　by　the　leading　clans。　Regarding　the　　Fitzgerald　theory　he　says；　〃But　the　most　remarkable　of　these　spurious　　origins　is　that　claimed　by　the　Mackenzies。　　It　appears　to　have　been　first　put　forward　by　Sir　George　Mackenzie；　first　Earl　of　Cromarty；〃　who；　in　his　first　manuscript；　made　Colin　a　son　of　the　Earl　of　Kildare；　but　in　a　later　edition；　written　in　1669；　〃finding　that　there　was　no　Earl　of　Kildare　until　　1290；　he　corrects　it　by　making　him　son　of　John　Fitz…Thomas；　chief　of　the　Geraldines　in　Ireland；　and　father　of　John；　first　Earl　of　Kildare；　who　was　slain　in　1261。〃　　Dr　Skene　then　summarises　the　story　already　known　at　　　length　to　the　reader；　quotes　the　Record　of　Icolmkill　and　the　forged　charter；　　and　concludes
  〃The　same　mistake　is　here　committed　as　is　usual　in　manufacturing　these　pedigree　charters；　by　making　it　a　crown　charter　erecting　the　lands　　into　a　barony。　　Kintail　could　not　have　been　a　barony　at　that　time；　and　the　　Earl　of　Ross　and　not　the　king　was　superior；　for　in　1342　the　Earl　of　Ross　　grants　the　ten　da