第 11 节
作者:精灵王      更新:2021-04-30 17:23      字数:9320
  vegetable       forms?      What      are    the   groups     of   grey    bladders;     with
  something like a little bud at the tip?             What are the hundreds of            little
  pink…striped pears?         What   those   tiny  babies' heads;   covered        with   grey
  prickles instead of hair?         The great red star…fish; which           Ulster children
  call   〃the   bad   man's   hands;〃   and   the   great   whelks;    which   the   youth   of
  Musselburgh   know   as   roaring   buckies;   these   we         have   seen   before;   but
  what; oh what; are the red capsicums? …
  Yes; what are the red capsicums? and why are they poking; snapping;
  starting;   crawling;   tumbling   wildly   over   each   other;   rattling   about       the
  huge mahogany cockles; as big as a child's two fists; out of                    which they
  are   protruded?      Mark   them  well;   for   you   will   perhaps     never   see   them
  again。     They  are   a   Mediterranean   species;   or   rather      three   species;   left
  behind      upon    these    extreme     south…western       coasts;    probably       at  the
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  vanishing of that warmer ancient epoch; which                   clothed the Lizard Point
  with     the   Cornish     heath;   and    the  Killarney      mountains       with    Spanish
  saxifrages;   and   other   relics   of   a   flora  whose   home   is   now   the   Iberian
  peninsula      and   the   sunny   cliffs   of  the    Riviera。     Rare     on   every   other
  shore;     even    in  the   west;   it  abounds      in   Torbay     at  certain;   or  rather
  uncertain; times; to so prodigious             an amount; that the dredge; after five
  minutes' scrape; will         sometimes come up choked full of this great cockle
  only。     You will      see hundreds of them in every cove for miles this day; a
  seeming       waste of life; which would be awful; in our eyes; were not the
  Divine   Ruler;   as   His   custom   is;   making   this   destruction   the   means        of
  fresh creation; by burying them in the sands; as soon as washed                     on shore;
  to fertilize the strata of some future world。               It is but    a shell…fish truly;
  but    the   great   Cuvier    thought     it  remarkable      enough      to  devote     to  its
  anatomy   elaborate   descriptions   and           drawings;   which   have   done   more
  perhaps than any others to            illustrate the curious economy of the whole
  class of bivalve; or        double…shelled; mollusca。          (Plate II。 Fig。 3。)
  That     red   capsicum       is  the   foot   of   the   animal     contained     in   the
  cockleshell。       By its aid it crawls; leaps; and burrows in the sand;                where
  it   lies  drinking     in   the  salt   water    through     one   of   its   siphons;     and
  discharging it again through the other。             Put the shell      into a rock pool; or
  a basin of water; and you will see the siphons                clearly。     The valves gape
  apart     some     three…quarters      of   an   inch。       The     semi…pellucid      orange
  〃mantle〃 fills the intermediate space。                Through that mantle; at the end
  from which the foot curves; the              siphons protrude; two thick short tubes
  joined   side   by   side;  their   lips   fringed   with   pearly  cirri;   or   fringes;   and
  very beautiful they         are。    The larger is always open; taking in the water;
  which is at       once the animal's food and air; and which; flowing over the
  delicate   inner   surface   of   the   mantle;   at   once   oxygenates   its   blood;    and
  fills   its  stomach     with    minute    particles    of  decayed     organized      matter。
  The   smaller   is   shut。     Wait   a   minute;   and   it   will   open    suddenly   and
  discharge a jet of clear water; which has been robbed;                     I suppose; of its
  oxygen and its organic matter。             But; I suppose;       your eyes will be rather
  attracted by that same scarlet and orange                foot; which is being drawn in
  and   thrust   out   to   a  length   of nearly   four   inches;  striking   with   its   point
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  against   any   opposing   object;       and   sending   the   whole   shell   backwards
  with a jerk。     The point; you       see; is sharp and tongue…like; only flattened;
  not horizontally;       like a tongue; but perpendicularly; so as to form; as it
  was     intended; a perfect sand…plough; by which the animal can move at
  will; either above or below the surface of the sand。 (2)
  But for colour and shape; to what shall we compare it?                   To polished
  cornelian;   says   Mr。   Gosse。      I   say;   to   one   of   the   great   red capsicums
  which hang drying in every Covent…garden seedsman's                     window。       Yet is
  either simile better than the guess of a certain            lady; who; entering a room
  wherein a couple of Cardium tuberculatum                 were waltzing about a plate;
  exclaimed; 〃Oh dear!          I always heard       that my pretty red coral came out
  of a fish; and here it is all      alive!〃
  〃C。 tuberculatum;〃 says Mr。 Gosse (who described it from specimens
  which   I   sent   him   in   1854);   〃is   far   the   finest   species。 The   valves  are
  more globose   and of   a warmer   colour;   those that   I have   seen   are          even
  more spinous。〃        Such may have been the case in those I sent:               but it has
  occurred   to   me   now   and   then   to   dredge   specimens   of   C。      aculeatum;
  which had escaped that rolling on the sand fatal in old                age to its delicate
  spines; and which equalled in colour; size; and              perfectness the noble one
  figured     in  poor    dear   old  Dr。   Turton's     〃British    Bivalves。〃      Besides;
  aculeatum is a far thinner and more             delicate shell。     And a third species;
  C。 echinatum; with curves           more graceful and continuous; is to be found
  now     and   then    with   the   two     former。    In    it;  each   point;   instead   of
  degenerating into a        knot; as in tuberculatum; or developing from delicate
  flat briar… prickles into long straight thorns; as in aculeatum; is close…set
  to its fellow; and curved at the point transversely to the shell;               the whole
  being thus horrid with hundreds of strong tenterhooks;                 making his castle
  impregnable to the raveners of the deep。              For we      can hardly doubt that
  these    prickles    are  meant    as   weapons     of   defence;      without    which    so
  savoury   a   morsel   as   the   mollusc   within     (cooked   and   eaten   largely   on
  some parts of our south coast) would              be a staple article of food for sea…
  beasts   of   prey。   And   it   is  noteworthy;   first;   that   the   defensive   thorns
  which      are   permanent      on    the    two    thinner    species;    aculeatum     and
  echinatum; disappear          altogether on the thicker one; tuberculatum; as old
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  age   gives   him   a    solid   and   heavy   globose   shell;   and   next;   that   he   too;
  while   young       and   tender;   and   liable   therefore   to   be   bored   through   by
  whelks   and      such   murderous   univalves;   does   actually   possess   the   same
  briar…     prickles;     which     his    thinner     cousins     keep     throughout       life。
  Nevertheless;   prickles;   in   all   three   species;   are;   as   far   as   we   can  see;
  useless     in  Torbay;     where    no   wolf…fish     (Anarrhichas      lupus)    or   other
  owner of shell…crushing jaws wanders; terrible to lobster and                      to cockle。
  Originally intended; as we suppose; to face the strong… toothed monsters of
  the Mediterranean; these foreigners have                wandered northward to shores
  where their armour is not now needed;                and yet centuries of idleness and
  security have not been able to            persuade them to lay it by。           This … if my
  explanation is the right          one … is but one more case among hundreds in
  which peculiarities;        useful doubtless to their original possessors; remain;
  though   now       useless;   in   their   descendants。      Just   so   does   the   tame   ram
  inherit     the now superfluous horns of his primeval wild ancestors; though
  he    fights   now