第 11 节
作者:
精灵王 更新:2021-04-30 17:23 字数:9320
vegetable forms? What are the groups of grey bladders; with
something like a little bud at the tip? What are the hundreds of little
pink…striped pears? What those tiny babies' heads; covered with grey
prickles instead of hair? The great red star…fish; which Ulster children
call 〃the bad man's hands;〃 and the great whelks; which the youth of
Musselburgh know as roaring buckies; these we have seen before; but
what; oh what; are the red capsicums? …
Yes; what are the red capsicums? and why are they poking; snapping;
starting; crawling; tumbling wildly over each other; rattling about the
huge mahogany cockles; as big as a child's two fists; out of which they
are protruded? Mark them well; for you will perhaps never see them
again。 They are a Mediterranean species; or rather three species; left
behind upon these extreme south…western coasts; probably at the
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vanishing of that warmer ancient epoch; which clothed the Lizard Point
with the Cornish heath; and the Killarney mountains with Spanish
saxifrages; and other relics of a flora whose home is now the Iberian
peninsula and the sunny cliffs of the Riviera。 Rare on every other
shore; even in the west; it abounds in Torbay at certain; or rather
uncertain; times; to so prodigious an amount; that the dredge; after five
minutes' scrape; will sometimes come up choked full of this great cockle
only。 You will see hundreds of them in every cove for miles this day; a
seeming waste of life; which would be awful; in our eyes; were not the
Divine Ruler; as His custom is; making this destruction the means of
fresh creation; by burying them in the sands; as soon as washed on shore;
to fertilize the strata of some future world。 It is but a shell…fish truly;
but the great Cuvier thought it remarkable enough to devote to its
anatomy elaborate descriptions and drawings; which have done more
perhaps than any others to illustrate the curious economy of the whole
class of bivalve; or double…shelled; mollusca。 (Plate II。 Fig。 3。)
That red capsicum is the foot of the animal contained in the
cockleshell。 By its aid it crawls; leaps; and burrows in the sand; where
it lies drinking in the salt water through one of its siphons; and
discharging it again through the other。 Put the shell into a rock pool; or
a basin of water; and you will see the siphons clearly。 The valves gape
apart some three…quarters of an inch。 The semi…pellucid orange
〃mantle〃 fills the intermediate space。 Through that mantle; at the end
from which the foot curves; the siphons protrude; two thick short tubes
joined side by side; their lips fringed with pearly cirri; or fringes; and
very beautiful they are。 The larger is always open; taking in the water;
which is at once the animal's food and air; and which; flowing over the
delicate inner surface of the mantle; at once oxygenates its blood; and
fills its stomach with minute particles of decayed organized matter。
The smaller is shut。 Wait a minute; and it will open suddenly and
discharge a jet of clear water; which has been robbed; I suppose; of its
oxygen and its organic matter。 But; I suppose; your eyes will be rather
attracted by that same scarlet and orange foot; which is being drawn in
and thrust out to a length of nearly four inches; striking with its point
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against any opposing object; and sending the whole shell backwards
with a jerk。 The point; you see; is sharp and tongue…like; only flattened;
not horizontally; like a tongue; but perpendicularly; so as to form; as it
was intended; a perfect sand…plough; by which the animal can move at
will; either above or below the surface of the sand。 (2)
But for colour and shape; to what shall we compare it? To polished
cornelian; says Mr。 Gosse。 I say; to one of the great red capsicums
which hang drying in every Covent…garden seedsman's window。 Yet is
either simile better than the guess of a certain lady; who; entering a room
wherein a couple of Cardium tuberculatum were waltzing about a plate;
exclaimed; 〃Oh dear! I always heard that my pretty red coral came out
of a fish; and here it is all alive!〃
〃C。 tuberculatum;〃 says Mr。 Gosse (who described it from specimens
which I sent him in 1854); 〃is far the finest species。 The valves are
more globose and of a warmer colour; those that I have seen are even
more spinous。〃 Such may have been the case in those I sent: but it has
occurred to me now and then to dredge specimens of C。 aculeatum;
which had escaped that rolling on the sand fatal in old age to its delicate
spines; and which equalled in colour; size; and perfectness the noble one
figured in poor dear old Dr。 Turton's 〃British Bivalves。〃 Besides;
aculeatum is a far thinner and more delicate shell。 And a third species;
C。 echinatum; with curves more graceful and continuous; is to be found
now and then with the two former。 In it; each point; instead of
degenerating into a knot; as in tuberculatum; or developing from delicate
flat briar… prickles into long straight thorns; as in aculeatum; is close…set
to its fellow; and curved at the point transversely to the shell; the whole
being thus horrid with hundreds of strong tenterhooks; making his castle
impregnable to the raveners of the deep。 For we can hardly doubt that
these prickles are meant as weapons of defence; without which so
savoury a morsel as the mollusc within (cooked and eaten largely on
some parts of our south coast) would be a staple article of food for sea…
beasts of prey。 And it is noteworthy; first; that the defensive thorns
which are permanent on the two thinner species; aculeatum and
echinatum; disappear altogether on the thicker one; tuberculatum; as old
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age gives him a solid and heavy globose shell; and next; that he too;
while young and tender; and liable therefore to be bored through by
whelks and such murderous univalves; does actually possess the same
briar… prickles; which his thinner cousins keep throughout life。
Nevertheless; prickles; in all three species; are; as far as we can see;
useless in Torbay; where no wolf…fish (Anarrhichas lupus) or other
owner of shell…crushing jaws wanders; terrible to lobster and to cockle。
Originally intended; as we suppose; to face the strong… toothed monsters of
the Mediterranean; these foreigners have wandered northward to shores
where their armour is not now needed; and yet centuries of idleness and
security have not been able to persuade them to lay it by。 This … if my
explanation is the right one … is but one more case among hundreds in
which peculiarities; useful doubtless to their original possessors; remain;
though now useless; in their descendants。 Just so does the tame ram
inherit the now superfluous horns of his primeval wild ancestors; though
he fights now