第 7 节
作者:精灵王      更新:2021-04-30 17:22      字数:9322
  still find; in it。    And when to this we add the marvels which                    meet us at
  every step in the anatomy and the reproduction of these                    creatures; and in
  the   chemical   and   mechanical   functions   which   they            fulfil   in   the   great
  economy of our planet; we cannot wonder at                     finding that books which
  treat of them carry with them a certain               charm of romance; and feed the
  play of fancy; and that love of the            marvellous which is inherent in man;
  at the same time that they          lead the reader to more solemn and lofty trains
  of   thought;   which      can   find   their   full   satisfaction   only   in   self…forgetful
  worship;      and that hymn of praise which goes up ever from land and sea;
  as    well   as   from   saints   and   martyrs   and   the   heavenly   host;   〃O   all   ye
  works of the Lord; and ye; too; spirits and souls of the righteous;                     praise
  Him; and magnify Him for ever!〃
  I have said; that there were excuses for the old contempt of the                    study
  of Natural History。         I have said; too; it may be hoped;             enough to show
  that   contempt   to   be   now   ill…founded。        But   still;   there   are   those   who
  regard it as a mere amusement; and that as a                  somewhat effeminate one;
  and think that it can at best help to           while away a leisure hour harmlessly;
  and perhaps usefully; as a          substitute for coarser sports; or for the reading
  of novels。        Those; however; who have followed it out; especially on the
  sea…   shore;   know   better。      They   can   tell   from   experience;   that   over   and
  above   its   accessory   charms   of       pure   sea…breezes;   and      wild   rambles     by
  cliff and loch; the study itself has had a weighty moral effect                    upon their
  hearts   and   spirits。    There   are   those   who   can   well     understand   how   the
  good and wise John Ellis; amid all his              philanthropic labours for the good
  of   the   West   Indies;   while   he   was    spending   his   intellect   and   fortune   in
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  introducing   into our   tropic       settlements   the bread…fruit;  the   mangosteen;
  and every plant and          seed which he hoped might be useful for medicine;
  agriculture;   and      commerce;   could   yet   feel himself   justified in   devoting
  large     portions   of   his   ever   well…spent   time   to   the   fighting   the   battle   of
  the corallines against Parsons and the rest; and even in measuring                        pens
  with Linne; the prince of naturalists。
  There     are   those   who     can   sympathise      with   the   gallant   old   Scotch
  officer     mentioned       by   some     writer    on    sea…weeds;      who;    desperately
  wounded       in   the  breach     at  Badajos;    and    a  sharer   in  all  the   toils  and
  triumphs   of   the   Peninsular   war;   could   in   his   old   age   show   a   rare   sea…
  weed with as much triumph as his well…earned medals; and talk                           over a
  tiny spore…capsule with as much zest as the records of                   sieges and battles。
  Why not?        That temper which made him a good                  soldier may very well
  have made him a good naturalist also。               The     late illustrious geologist; Sir
  Roderick   Murchison;   was   also   an   old         Peninsular   officer。      I   doubt   not
  that with him; too; the         experiences of war may have helped to fit him for
  the   studies   of    peace。     Certainly;   the   best   naturalist;   as   far   as   logical
  acumen;       as   well   as   earnest   research;   is   concerned;   whom   England   has
  ever     seen;    was    the   Devonshire      squire;   Colonel     George     Montagu;      of
  whom        the   late   E。  Forbes     well   says;   that   〃had    he  been    educated     a
  physiologist〃 (and not; as he was; a soldier and a sportsman); 〃and                      made
  the study of Nature his aim and not his amusement; his would                       have been
  one   of   the   greatest   names   in   the   whole   range   of   British     science。〃      I
  question;   nevertheless;   whether   he   would   not   have   lost          more   than   he
  would have gained by  a different training。                It   might    have made him  a
  more   learned   systematizer;         but   would   it  have     quickened      in   him   that
  〃seeing〃 eye of the true soldier and              sportsman; which makes Montagu's
  descriptions indelible word… pictures; instinct with life and truth?                   〃There
  is no   question;〃      says   E。   Forbes;   after  bewailing   the  vagueness   of   most
  naturalists;     〃about the identity of any animal Montagu described。 。 。 。 He
  was a      forward…looking philosopher; he spoke of every creature as if one
  exceeding like it; yet different from it; would be washed up by the                     waves
  next   tide。    Consequently   his        descriptions     are  permanent。〃         Scientific
  men   will   recognize   in   this   the   highest   praise   which   can      be   bestowed;
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  because it attributes to him the highest faculty … The                  Art of Seeing; but
  the   study   and   the   book   would   not   have   given        that。   It   is   God's   gift
  wheresoever   educated:          but   its   true   school…   room   is   the   camp   and   the
  ocean;   the   prairie   and     the   forest;   active;   self…helping   life;   which      can
  grapple with Nature herself:            not    merely with printed…books about her。
  Let no one think that this           same Natural History is a pursuit fitted only
  for    effeminate      or    pedantic      men。      I    should    say;    rather;   that   the
  qualifications       required for a perfect naturalist are as many and as lofty as
  were     required;   by   old   chivalrous   writers;   for   the   perfect   knight…errant
  of the Middle Ages:          for (to sketch an ideal; of which I am happy               to say
  our    race   now    affords    many     a  fair  realization)     our   perfect    naturalist
  should   be   strong   in   body;   able   to   haul   a   dredge;   climb   a  rock;   turn   a
  boulder; walk all day; uncertain where he shall eat or                  rest; ready to face
  sun   and   rain;   wind   and   frost;   and   to   eat   or drink   thankfully   anything;
  however coarse or meagre; he should know                    how to swim for his life; to
  pull an oar; sail a boat; and ride the          first horse which comes to hand; and;
  finally;   he   should   be   a   thoroughly   good   shot;   and   a   skilful   fisherman;
  and; if he go far       abroad; be able on occasion to fight for his life。
  For his moral character; he must; like a knight of old; be first of                     all
  gentle and courteous; ready and able to ingratiate himself with                     the poor;
  the   ignorant;   and   the   savage;   not   only   because   foreign        travel   will   be
  often otherwise impossible; but because he knows how                       much invaluable
  local information can be only obtained from                  fishermen; miners; hunters;
  and tillers of the soil。        Next; he      should be brave and enterprising; and
  withal patient and undaunted;             not merely in travel; but in investigation;
  knowing (as Lord Bacon             might have put it) that the kingdom of Nature;
  like the kingdom of          heaven; must be taken by violence; and that only to
  those   who   knock       long   and   earnestly   does   the   great   mother   open   the
  doors of her       sanctuary。      He must be of a reverent turn of mind also; not
  rashly     discrediting any reports; however vague and fragmentary; giving
  man      credit always for some germ of truth; and giving Nature credit for
  an inexhaustible fertility and variety; which will keep him his                      life long
  always   reverent;   yet   never   superstitious;   wondering   at         the   commonest;
  but   not   surprised   by   the   most   strange;   free   from   the   idols   of   size   and
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  sensuous loveliness; able to see grandeur in the                 minutest objects; beauty;
  in the most ungainly; estimating each              thing not carnall