Vitellianists；　taking　their　stand　on　the　garden…walls；　kept　off　the
  assailants　with　stones　and　javelins　till　late　in　the　day；　when　they
  were　taken　in　the　rear　by　the　cavalry；　which　had　then　forced　an
  entrance　by　the　Colline　Gate。　In　the　Campus　Martius　also　the　hostile
  armies　met；　the　Flavianists　with　all　the　prestige　of　fortune　and
  repeated　victory；　the　Vitellianists　rushing　on　in　sheer　despair。
  Though　defeated；　they　rallied　again　in　the　city。
  The　populace　stood　by　and　watched　the　combatants；　and；　as　though
  it　had　been　a　mimic　conflict；　encouraged　first　one　party　and　then
  the　other　by　their　shouts　and　plaudits。　Whenever　either　side　gave　way；
  they　cried　out　that　those　who　concealed　themselves　in　the　shops；　or
  took　refuge　in　any　private　house；　should　be　dragged　out　and　butchered；
  and　they　secured　the　larger　share　of　the　booty；　for；　while　the
  soldiers　were　busy　with　bloodshed　and　massacre；　the　spoils　fell　to　the
  crowd。　It　was　a　terrible　and　hideous　sight　that　presented　itself
  throughout　the　city。　Here　raged　battle　and　death；　there　the　bath　and
  the　tavern　were　crowded。　In　one　spot　were　pools　of　blood　and　heaps
  of　corpses；　and　close　by　prostitutes　and　men　of　character　as　infamous；
  there　were　all　the　debaucheries　of　luxurious　peace；　all　the　horrors　of
  a　city　most　cruelly　sacked；　till　one　was　ready　to　believe　the
  Country　to　be　mad　at　once　with　rage　and　lust。　It　was　not　indeed　the
  first　time　that　armed　troops　had　fought　within　the　city；　they　had　done
  so　twice　when　Sulla；　once　when　Cinna　triumphed。　The　bloodshed　then　had
  not　been　less；　but　now　there　was　an　unnatural　recklessness；　and
  men's　pleasures　were　not　interrupted　even　for　a　moment。　As　if　it
  were　a　new　delight　added　to　their　holidays；　they　exulted　in　and
  enjoyed　the　scene；　indifferent　to　parties；　and　rejoicing　over　the
  sufferings　of　the　Commonwealth。
  The　most　arduous　struggle　was　the　storming　of　the　camp；　which　the
  bravest　of　the　enemy　still　held　as　a　last　hope。　It　was；　therefore；
  with　peculiar　energy　that　the　conquerors；　among　whom　the　veteran
  cohorts　were　especially　forward；　brought　to　bear　upon　it　at　once　all
  the　appliances　which　have　been　discovered　in　reducing　the　strongest
  cities；　the　testudo；　the　catapult；　the　earth…work；　and　the
  firebrand。　They　repeatedly　shouted　〃that　all　the　toil　and　danger
  they　had　endured　in　so　many　conflicts　would　be　crowned　by　this
  achievement。　The　capital　has　been　restored　to　the　Senate　and　people　of
  Rome；　and　their　temples　to　the　Gods；　but　the　soldier's　peculiar
  distinction　is　in　the　camp；　this　is　his　country；　and　this　his　home；
  unless　this　be　recovered　forthwith；　the　night　must　be　passed　under
  arms。〃　On　the　other　hand　the　Vitellianists；　though　unequal　in
  numbers　and　doomed　to　defeat；　could　yet　disturb　the　victory；　delay　the
  conclusion　of　peace；　and　pollute　both　hearth　and　altar　with　blood；　and
  they　clung　to　these　last　consolations　of　the　vanquished。　Many；
  desperately　wounded；　breathed　their　last　on　the　towers　and　ramparts。
  When　the　gates　were　torn　down；　the　survivors　threw　themselves　in　a
  body　on　the　conquerors；　and　fell　to　a　man；　with　their　wounds　in
  front　and　their　faces　turned　towards　the　foe；　so　anxious　were　they
  even　in　their　last　hours　to　die　with　honour。　When　the　city　had　been
  taken；　Vitellius　caused　himself　to　be　carried　in　a　litter　through
  the　back　of　the　palace　to　the　Aventine；　to　his　wife's　dwelling；
  intending；　if　by　any　concealment　he　could　escape　for　that　day；　to　make
  his　way　to　his　brother's　cohorts　at　Tarracina。　Then；　with
  characteristic　weakness；　and　following　the　instincts　of　fear；　which；
  dreading　everything；　shrinks　most　from　what　is　immediately　before
  it；　he　retraced　his　steps　to　the　desolate　and　forsaken　palace；
  whence　even　the　meanest　slaves　had　fled；　or　where　they　avoided　his
  presence。　The　solitude　and　silence　of　the　place　scared　him；　he　tried
  the　closed　doors；　he　shuddered　in　the　empty　chambers；　till；　wearied
  out　with　his　miserable　wanderings；　he　concealed　himself　in　an　unseemly
  hiding…place；　from　which　he　was　dragged　out　by　the　tribune　Julius
  Placidus。　His　hands　were　bound　behind　his　back；　and　he　was　led　along
  with　tattered　robes；　a　revolting　spectacle；　amidst　the　invectives　of
  many；　the　tears　of　none。　The　degradation　of　his　end　had　extinguished
  all　pity。　One　of　the　German　soldiers　met　the　party；　and　aimed　a　deadly
  blow　at　Vitellius；　perhaps　in　anger；　perhaps　wishing　to　release　him
  the　sooner　from　insult。　Possibly　the　blow　was　meant　for　the　tribune。
  He　struck　off　that　officer's　ear；　and　was　immediately　dispatched。
  Vitellius；　compelled　by　threatening　swords；　first　to　raise　his
  face　and　offer　it　to　insulting　blows；　then　to　behold　his　own　statues
  falling　round　him；　and　more　than　once　to　look　at　the　Rostra　and　the
  spot　where　Galba　was　slain；　was　then　driven　along　till　they　reached
  the　Gemoniae；　the　place　where　the　corpse　of　Flavius　Sabinus　had
  lain。　One　speech　was　heard　from　him　shewing　a　spirit　not　utterly
  degraded；　when　to　the　insults　of　a　tribune　he　answered；　〃Yet　I　was
  your　Emperor。〃　Then　he　fell　under　a　shower　of　blows；　and　the　mob
  reviled　the　dead　man　with　the　same　heartlessness　with　which　they　had
  flattered　him　when　he　was　alive。
  Luceria　was　his　native　place。　He　had　nearly　completed　his　57th　year。
  His　consulate；　his　priesthood；　his　high　reputation；　his　place　among
  the　first　men　of　the　State；　he　owed；　not　to　any　energy　of　his　own；　but
  to　the　renown　of　his　father。　The　throne　was　offered　him　by　men　who　did
  not　know　him。　Seldom　have　the　affections　of　the　army　attached
  themselves　to　any　man　who　sought　to　gain　them　by　his　virtues　as　firmly
  as　they　did　to　him　from　the　indolence　of　his　character。　Yet　he　had　a
  certain　frankness　and　generosity；　qualities　indeed　which　turn　to　a
  man's　ruin；　unless　tempered　with　discretion。　Believing　that　friendship
  may　be　retained　by　munificent　gifts　rather　than　by　consistency　of
  character；　he　deserved　more　of　it　than　he　secured。　Doubtless　it　was
  good　for　the　State　that　Vitellius　should　be　overthrown；　but　they　who
  betrayed　Vitellius　to　Vespasian　cannot　make　a　merit　of　their
  treachery；　since　they　had　themselves　revolted　from　Galba。　The　day
  was　now　fast　drawing　to　a　close；　and　the　Senate　could　not　be　convened；
  owing　to　the　panic　of　the　magistrates　and　Senators；　who　had　stolen　out
  of　the　city；　or　were　concealing　themselves　in　the　houses　of
  dependants。　When　nothing　more　was　to　be　feared　from　the　enemy；
  Domitian　came　forward　to　meet　the　leaders　of　the　party；　he　was
  universally　saluted　by　the　title　of　Caesar；　and　the　troops；　in　great
  numbers；　armed　as　they　were；　conducted　him　to　his　father's　house。
  BOOK　IV；　January　…　November；　A。D。　70
  WHEN　Vitellius　was　dead；　the　war　had　indeed　come　to　an　end；　but
  peace　had　yet　to　begin。　Sword　in　hand；　throughout　the　capital；　the
  conquerors　hunted　down　the　conquered　with　merciless　hatred。　The
  streets　were　choked　with　carnage；　the　squares　and　temples　reeked
  with　blood；　for　men　were　massacred　everywhere　as　chance　threw　them
  in　the　way。　Soon；　as　their　license　increased；　they　began　to　search　for
  and　drag　forth　hidden　foes。　Whenever　they　saw　a　man　tall　and　young
  they　cut　him　down；　making　no　distinction　between　soldiers　and
  civilians。　But　the　ferocity；　which　in　the　first　impulse　of　hatred
  could　be　gratified　only　by　blood；　soon　passed　into　the　greed　of
  gain。　They　let　nothing　be　kept　secret；　nothing　be　closed；
  Vitellianists；　they　pretended；　might　be　thus　concealed。　Here　was　the
  first　step　to　breaking　open　private　houses；　here；　if　resistance　were
  made；　a　pretext　for　slaughter。　The　most　needy　of　the　populace　and
  the　most　worthless　of　the　slaves　did　not　fail　to　come　forward　and
  betray　their　wealthy　masters；　others　were　denounced　by　friends。
  Everywhere　were　lamentations；　and　wailings；　and　all　the　miseries　of
  a　captured　city；　till　the　license　of　the　Vitellianist　and
  Othonianist　soldiery；　once　so　odious；　was　remembered　with　regret。
  The　leaders　of　the　party；　so　energetic　in　kindling　civil　strife；
  were　incapable　of　checking　the　abuse　of　victory。　In　stirring　up　tumult
  and　strife　the　worst　men　can　do　the　most；　but　peace　and　quiet　cannot
  be　established　without　virtue。
  Domitian　had　entered　into　possession　of　the　title　and　residence　of
  Caesar；　but　not　yet　applying　himself　to　business；　was　playing　the　part
  of　a　son　of　the　throne　with　debauchery　and　intrigue。　The　office　of
  prefect　of　the　Praetorian　Guard　was　held　by　Arrius　Varus；　but　the
  supreme　power　was　in　the　hands　of　Primus　Antonius；　who　carried　off
  money　and　slaves　from　the　establishment　of　the　Emperor；　as　if　they
  were　the　spoils　of　Cremona。　The　other　generals；　whose　moderation　or
  insignificance　had　shut　them　out　from　distinction　in　the　war；　had
  accordingly　no　share　in　its