the　West　lie　in　the　remotest　parts　of　a　single　valley；　and　all　the　rivers　which　intersect　their　territory　rise　in　the　Rocky　Mountains　or　in　the　Alleghanies；　and　fall　into　the　Mississippi；　which　bears　them　onwards　to　the　Gulf　of　Mexico。　The　Western　States　are　consequently　entirely　cut　off；　by　their　position；　from　the　traditions　of　Europe　and　the　civilization　of　the　Old　World。　　The　inhabitants　of　the　South；　then；　are　induced　to　support　the　Union　in　order　to　avail　themselves　of　its　protection　against　the　blacks；　and　the　inhabitants　of　the　West　in　order　not　to　be　excluded　from　a　free　communication　with　the　rest　of　the　globe；　and　shut　up　in　the　wilds　of　central　America。　　The　North　cannot　but　desire　the　maintenance　of　the　Union；　in　order　to　remain；　as　it　now　is；　the　connecting　link　between　that　vast　body　and　the　other　parts　of　the　world。
  The　temporal　interests　of　all　the　several　parts　of　the　Union　are；　then；　intimately　connected；　and　the　same　assertion　holds　true　respecting　those　opinions　and　sentiments　which　may　be　termed　the　immaterial　interests　of　men。
  Chapter　XVIII：　Future　Condition　Of　Three　Races　…　Part　VII
  The　inhabitants　of　the　United　States　talk　a　great　deal　of　their　attachment　to　their　country；　but　I　confess　that　I　do　not　rely　upon　that　calculating　patriotism　which　is　founded　upon　interest；　and　which　a　change　in　the　interests　at　stake　may　obliterate。　　Nor　do　I　attach　much　importance　to　the　language　of　the　Americans；　when　they　manifest；　in　their　daily　conversations；　the　intention　of　maintaining　the　federal　system　adopted　by　their　forefathers。　A　government　retains　its　sway　over　a　great　number　of　citizens；　far　less　by　the　voluntary　and　rational　consent　of　the　multitude；　than　by　that　instinctive；　and　to　a　certain　extent　involuntary　agreement；　which　results　from　similarity　of　feelings　and　resemblances　of　opinion。　　I　will　never　admit　that　men　constitute　a　social　body；　simply　because　they　obey　the　same　head　and　the　same　laws。　Society　can　only　exist　when　a　great　number　of　men　consider　a　great　number　of　things　in　the　same　point　of　view；　when　they　hold　the　same　opinions　upon　many　subjects；　and　when　the　same　occurrences　suggest　the　same　thoughts　and　impressions　to　their　minds。
  The　observer　who　examines　the　present　condition　of　the　United　States　upon　this　principle；　will　readily　discover；　that　although　the　citizens　are　divided　into　twenty…four　distinct　sovereignties；　they　nevertheless　constitute　a　single　people；　and　he　may　perhaps　be　led　to　think　that　the　state　of　the　Anglo…American　Union　is　more　truly　a　state　of　society　than　that　of　certain　nations　of　Europe　which　live　under　the　same　legislation　and　the　same　prince。
  Although　the　Anglo…Americans　have　several　religious　sects；　they　all　regard　religion　in　the　same　manner。　　They　are　not　always　agreed　upon　the　measures　which　are　most　conducive　to　good　government；　and　they　vary　upon　some　of　the　forms　of　government　which　it　is　expedient　to　adopt；　but　they　are　unanimous　upon　the　general　principles　which　ought　to　rule　human　society。　From　Maine　to　the　Floridas；　and　from　the　Missouri　to　the　Atlantic　Ocean；　the　people　is　held　to　be　the　legitimate　source　of　all　power。　　The　same　notions　are　entertained　respecting　liberty　and　equality；　the　liberty　of　the　press；　the　right　of　association；　the　jury；　and　the　responsibility　of　the　agents　of　Government。
  If　we　turn　from　their　political　and　religious　opinions　to　the　moral　and　philosophical　principles　which　regulate　the　daily　actions　of　life　and　govern　their　conduct；　we　shall　still　find　the　same　uniformity。　　The　Anglo…Americans　*d　acknowledge　the　absolute　moral　authority　of　the　reason　of　the　community；　as　they　acknowledge　the　political　authority　of　the　mass　of　citizens；　and　they　hold　that　public　opinion　is　the　surest　arbiter　of　what　is　lawful　or　forbidden；　true　or　false。　　The　majority　of　them　believe　that　a　man　will　be　led　to　do　what　is　just　and　good　by　following　his　own　interest　rightly　understood。　　They　hold　that　every　man　is　born　in　possession　of　the　right　of　self…government；　and　that　no　one　has　the　right　of　constraining　his　fellow…creatures　to　be　happy。　　They　have　all　a　lively　faith　in　the　perfectibility　of　man；　they　are　of　opinion　that　the　effects　of　the　diffusion　of　knowledge　must　necessarily　be　advantageous；　and　the　consequences　of　ignorance　fatal；　they　all　consider　society　as　a　body　in　a　state　of　improvement；　humanity　as　a　changing　scene；　in　which　nothing　is；　or　ought　to　be；　permanent；　and　they　admit　that　what　appears　to　them　to　be　good　to…day　may　be　superseded　by　something　better…to…morrow。　　I　do　not　give　all　these　opinions　as　true；　but　I　quote　them　as　characteristic　of　the　Americans。
  ＇Footnote　d：　It　is　scarcely　necessary　for　me　to　observe　that　by　the　expression　Anglo…Americans；　I　only　mean　to　designate　the　great　majority　of　the　nation；　for　a　certain　number　of　isolated　individuals　are　of　course　to　be　met　with　holding　very　different　opinions。＇
  The　Anglo…Americans　are　not　only　united　together　by　these　common　opinions；　but　they　are　separated　from　all　other　nations　by　a　common　feeling　of　pride。　　For　the　last　fifty　years　no　pains　have　been　spared　to　convince　the　inhabitants　of　the　United　States　that　they　constitute　the　only　religious；　enlightened；　and　free　people。　　They　perceive　that；　for　the　present；　their　own　democratic　institutions　succeed；　whilst　those　of　other　countries　fail；　hence　they　conceive　an　overweening　opinion　of　their　superiority；　and　they　are　not　very　remote　from　believing　themselves　to　belong　to　a　distinct　race　of　mankind。
  The　dangers　which　threaten　the　American　Union　do　not　originate　in　the　diversity　of　interests　or　of　opinions；　but　in　the　various　characters　and　passions　of　the　Americans。　　The　men　who　inhabit　the　vast　territory　of　the　United　States　are　almost　all　the　issue　of　a　common　stock；　but　the　effects　of　the　climate；　and　more　especially　of　slavery；　have　gradually　introduced　very　striking　differences　between　the　British　settler　of　the　Southern　States　and　the　British　settler　of　the　North。　　In　Europe　it　is　generally　believed　that　slavery　has　rendered　the　interests　of　one　part　of　the　Union　contrary　to　those　of　another　part；　but　I　by　no　means　remarked　this　to　be　the　case：　slavery　has　not　created　interests　in　the　South　contrary　to　those　of　the　North；　but　it　has　modified　the　character　and　changed　the　habits　of　the　natives　of　the　South。
  I　have　already　explained　the　influence　which　slavery　has　exercised　upon　the　commercial　ability　of　the　Americans　in　the　South；　and　this　same　influence　equally　extends　to　their　manners。　　The　slave　is　a　servant　who　never　remonstrates；　and　who　submits　to　everything　without　complaint。　　He　may　sometimes　assassinate；　but　he　never　withstands；　his　master。　　In　the　South　there　are　no　families　so　poor　as　not　to　have　slaves。　　The　citizen　of　the　Southern　States　of　the　Union　is　invested　with　a　sort　of　domestic　dictatorship；　from　his　earliest　years；　the　first　notion　he　acquires　in　life　is　that　he　is　born　to　command；　and　the　first　habit　which　he　contracts　is　that　of　being　obeyed　without　resistance。　　His　education　tends；　then；　to　give　him　the　character　of　a　supercilious　and　a　hasty　man；　irascible；　violent；　and　ardent　in　his　desires；　impatient　of　obstacles；　but　easily　discouraged　if　he　cannot　succeed　upon　his　first　attempt。
  The　American　of　the　Northern　States　is　surrounded　by　no　slaves　in　his　childhood；　he　is　even　unattended　by　free　servants；　and　is　usually　obliged　to　provide　for　his　own　wants。　　No　sooner　does　he　enter　the　world　than　the　idea　of　necessity　assails　him　on　every　side：　he　soon　learns　to　know　exactly　the　natural　limit　of　his　authority；　he　never　expects　to　subdue　those　who　withstand　him；　by　force；　and　he　knows　that　the　surest　means　of　obtaining　the　support　of　his　fellow…creatures；　is　to　win　their　favor。　　He　therefore　becomes　patient；　reflecting；　tolerant；　slow　to　act；　and　persevering　in　his　designs。
  In　the　Southern　States　the　more　immediate　wants　of　life　are　always　supplied；　the　inhabitants　of　those　parts　are　not　busied　in　the　material　cares　of　life；　which　are　always　provided　for　by　others；　and　their　imagination　is　diverted　to　more　captivating　and　less　definite　objects。　　The　American　of　the　South　is　fond　of　grandeur；　luxury；　and　renown；　of　gayety；　of　pleasure；　and　above　all　of　idleness；　nothing　obliges　him　to　exert　himself　in　order　to　subsist；　and　as　he　has　no　necessary　occupations；　he　gives　way　to　indolence；　and　does　not　even　attempt　what　would　be　useful。
  But　the　equality　of　fortunes；　and　the　absence　of　slavery　in　the　North；　plunge　the　inhabitants　in　those　same　cares　of　daily　life　which　are　disdained　by　the　white　population　of　the　South。　　They　are　taught　from　infancy　to　combat　want；　and　to　place　comfort　above　all　the　pleasures　of　the　intellect　or　the　heart。　　The　imagination　is　extinguished　by　the　trivial　details　of　life；　and　the　ideas　become　less　numerous　and　less　general；　but　far　more　practical　and　more　precise。　　As　prosperity　is　the　sole　aim　of　exertion；　it　is　excellently　well　attained；　nature　and　mankind　are　turned　to　the　best　pecuniary　advantage；　and　society　is　dexterously　made　to　contribute　to　the　welfare　of　each　of　its　members；　whilst　individual　egotism　is　the　source　of　general　happiness。
  The　citizen　of　the　North　has　not　only　experience；　but　knowledge：　nevertheless　he　sets　bu