s　with　an　immense　superiority　of　knowledge　and　of　the　means　of　warfare；　but　the　blacks　will　have　numerical　strength　and　the　energy　of　despair　upon　their　side；　and　these　are　powerful　resources　to　men　who　have　taken　up　arms。　The　fate　of　the　white　population　of　the　Southern　States　will；　perhaps；　be　similar　to　that　of　the　Moors　in　Spain。　　After　having　occupied　the　land　for　centuries；　it　will　perhaps　be　forced　to　retire　to　the　country　whence　its　ancestors　came；　and　to　abandon　to　the　negroes　the　possession　of　a　territory；　which　Providence　seems　to　have　more　peculiarly　destined　for　them；　since　they　can　subsist　and　labor　in　it　more　easily　that　the　whites。
  The　danger　of　a　conflict　between　the　white　and　the　black　inhabitants　of　the　Southern　States　of　the　Union　…　a　danger　which；　however　remote　it　may　be；　is　inevitable　…　perpetually　haunts　the　imagination　of　the　Americans。　　The　inhabitants　of　the　North　make　it　a　common　topic　of　conversation；　although　they　have　no　direct　injury　to　fear　from　the　struggle；　but　they　vainly　endeavor　to　devise　some　means　of　obviating　the　misfortunes　which　they　foresee。　　In　the　Southern　States　the　subject　is　not　discussed：　the　planter　does　not　allude　to　the　future　in　conversing　with　strangers；　the　citizen　does　not　communicate　his　apprehensions　to　his　friends；　he　seeks　to　conceal　them　from　himself；　but　there　is　something　more　alarming　in　the　tacit　forebodings　of　the　South；　than　in　the　clamorous　fears　of　the　Northern　States。
  This　all…pervading　disquietude　has　given　birth　to　an　undertaking　which　is　but　little　known；　but　which　may　have　the　effect　of　changing　the　fate　of　a　portion　of　the　human　race。　　From　apprehension　of　the　dangers　which　I　have　just　been　describing；　a　certain　number　of　American　citizens　have　formed　a　society　for　the　purpose　of　exporting　to　the　coast　of　Guinea；　at　their　own　expense；　such　free　negroes　as　may　be　willing　to　escape　from　the　oppression　to　which　they　are　subject。　*t　In　1820；　the　society　to　which　I　allude　formed　a　settlement　in　Africa；　upon　the　seventh　degree　of　north　latitude；　which　bears　the　name　of　Liberia。　　The　most　recent　intelligence　informs　us　that　2；500　negroes　are　collected　there；　they　have　introduced　the　democratic　institutions　of　America　into　the　country　of　their　forefathers；　and　Liberia　has　a　representative　system　of　government；　negro　jurymen；　negro　magistrates；　and　negro　priests；　churches　have　been　built；　newspapers　established；　and；　by　a　singular　change　in　the　vicissitudes　of　the　world；　white　men　are　prohibited　from　sojourning　within　the　settlement。　*u
  ＇Footnote　t：　This　society　assumed　the　name　of　〃The　Society　for　the　Colonization　of　the　Blacks。〃　See　its　annual　reports；　and　more　particularly　the　fifteenth。　　See　also　the　pamphlet；　to　which　allusion　has　already　been　made；　entitled　〃Letters　on　the　Colonization　Society；　and　on　its　probable　Results；〃　by　Mr。　Carey；　Philadelphia；　1833。＇
  ＇Footnote　u：　This　last　regulation　was　laid　down　by　the　founders　of　the　settlement；　they　apprehended　that　a　state　of　things　might　arise　in　Africa　similar　to　that　which　exists　on　the　frontiers　of　the　United　States；　and　that　if　the　negroes；　like　the　Indians；　were　brought　into　collision　with　a　people　more　enlightened　than　themselves；　they　would　be　destroyed　before　they　could　be　civilized。＇
  This　is　indeed　a　strange　caprice　of　fortune。　　Two　hundred　years　have　now　elapsed　since　the　inhabitants　of　Europe　undertook　to　tear　the　negro　from　his　family　and　his　home；　in　order　to　transport　him　to　the　shores　of　North　America；　at　the　present　day；　the　European　settlers　are　engaged　in　sending　back　the　descendants　of　those　very　negroes　to　the　Continent　from　which　they　were　originally　taken；　and　the　barbarous　Africans　have　been　brought　into　contact　with　civilization　in　the　midst　of　bondage；　and　have　become　acquainted　with　free　political　institutions　in　slavery。　　Up　to　the　present　time　Africa　has　been　closed　against　the　arts　and　sciences　of　the　whites；　but　the　inventions　of　Europe　will　perhaps　penetrate　into　those　regions；　now　that　they　are　introduced　by　Africans　themselves。　　The　settlement　of　Liberia　is　founded　upon　a　lofty　and　a　most　fruitful　idea；　but　whatever　may　be　its　results　with　regard　to　the　Continent　of　Africa；　it　can　afford　no　remedy　to　the　New　World。
  In　twelve　years　the　Colonization　Society　has　transported　2；500　negroes　to　Africa；　in　the　same　space　of　time　about　700；000　blacks　were　born　in　the　United　States。　　If　the　colony　of　Liberia　were　so　situated　as　to　be　able　to　receive　thousands　of　new　inhabitants　every　year；　and　if　the　negroes　were　in　a　state　to　be　sent　thither　with　advantage；　if　the　Union　were　to　supply　the　society　with　annual　subsidies；　*v　and　to　transport　the　negroes　to　Africa　in　the　vessels　of　the　State；　it　would　still　be　unable　to　counterpoise　the　natural　increase　of　population　amongst　the　blacks；　and　as　it　could　not　remove　as　many　men　in　a　year　as　are　born　upon　its　territory　within　the　same　space　of　time；　it　would　fail　in　suspending　the　growth　of　the　evil　which　is　daily　increasing　in　the　States。　*w　The　negro　race　will　never　leave　those　shores　of　the　American　continent；　to　which　it　was　brought　by　the　passions　and　the　vices　of　Europeans；　and　it　will　not　disappear　from　the　New　World　as　long　as　it　continues　to　exist。　The　inhabitants　of　the　United　States　may　retard　the　calamities　which　they　apprehend；　but　they　cannot　now　destroy　their　efficient　cause。
  ＇Footnote　v：　Nor　would　these　be　the　only　difficulties　attendant　upon　the　undertaking；　if　the　Union　undertook　to　buy　up　the　negroes　now　in　America；　in　order　to　transport　them　to　Africa；　the　price　of　slaves；　increasing　with　their　scarcity；　would　soon　become　enormous；　and　the　States　of　the　North　would　never　consent　to　expend　such　great　sums　for　a　purpose　which　would　procure　such　small　advantages　to　themselves。　　If　the　Union　took　possession　of　the　slaves　in　the　Southern　States　by　force；　or　at　a　rate　determined　by　law；　an　insurmountable　resistance　would　arise　in　that　part　of　the　country。　　Both　alternatives　are　equally　impossible。＇
  ＇Footnote　w：　In　1830　there　were　in　the　United　States　2；010；327　slaves　and　319；439　free　blacks；　in　all　2；329；766　negroes：　which　formed　about　one…fifth　of　the　total　population　of　the　United　States　at　that　time。＇
  I　am　obliged　to　confess　that　I　do　not　regard　the　abolition　of　slavery　as　a　means　of　warding　off　the　struggle　of　the　two　races　in　the　United　States。　The　negroes　may　long　remain　slaves　without　complaining；　but　if　they　are　once　raised　to　the　level　of　free　men；　they　will　soon　revolt　at　being　deprived　of　all　their　civil　rights；　and　as　they　cannot　become　the　equals　of　the　whites；　they　will　speedily　declare　themselves　as　enemies。　　In　the　North　everything　contributed　to　facilitate　the　emancipation　of　the　slaves；　and　slavery　was　abolished；　without　placing　the　free　negroes　in　a　position　which　could　become　formidable；　since　their　number　was　too　small　for　them　ever　to　claim　the　exercise　of　their　rights。　　But　such　is　not　the　case　in　the　South。　　The　question　of　slavery　was　a　question　of　commerce　and　manufacture　for　the　slave…owners　in　the　North；　for　those　of　the　South；　it　is　a　question　of　life　and　death。　　God　forbid　that　I　should　seek　to　justify　the　principle　of　negro　slavery；　as　has　been　done　by　some　American　writers！　　But　I　only　observe　that　all　the　countries　which　formerly　adopted　that　execrable　principle　are　not　equally　able　to　abandon　it　at　the　present　time。
  When　I　contemplate　the　condition　of　the　South；　I　can　only　discover　two　alternatives　which　may　be　adopted　by　the　white　inhabitants　of　those　States；　viz。；　either　to　emancipate　the　negroes；　and　to　intermingle　with　them；　or；　remaining　isolated　from　them；　to　keep　them　in　a　state　of　slavery　as　long　as　possible。　　All　intermediate　measures　seem　to　me　likely　to　terminate；　and　that　shortly；　in　the　most　horrible　of　civil　wars；　and　perhaps　in　the　extirpation　of　one　or　other　of　the　two　races。　　Such　is　the　view　which　the　Americans　of　the　South　take　of　the　question；　and　they　act　consistently　with　it。　　As　they　are　determined　not　to　mingle　with　the　negroes；　they　refuse　to　emancipate　them。
  Not　that　the　inhabitants　of　the　South　regard　slavery　as　necessary　to　the　wealth　of　the　planter；　for　on　this　point　many　of　them　agree　with　their　Northern　countrymen　in　freely　admitting　that　slavery　is　prejudicial　to　their　interest；　but　they　are　convinced　that；　however　prejudicial　it　may　be；　they　hold　their　lives　upon　no　other　tenure。　　The　instruction　which　is　now　diffused　in　the　South　has　convinced　the　inhabitants　that　slavery　is　injurious　to　the　slave…owner；　but　it　has　also　shown　them；　more　clearly　than　before；　that　no　means　exist　of　getting　rid　of　its　bad　consequences。　　Hence　arises　a　singular　contrast；　the　more　the　utility　of　slavery　is　contested；　the　more　firmly　is　it　established　in　the　laws；　and　whilst　the　principle　of　servitude　is　gradually　abolished　in　the　North；　that　self…same　principle　gives　rise　to　more　and　more　rigorous　consequences　in　the　South。
  The　legislation　of　the　Southern　States　with　regard　to　slaves；　presents　at　the　present　day　such　unparalleled　atrocities　as　suffice　to　show　how　radically　the　laws　of　humanity　have　been　perverted；　and　to　betray　the　desperate　position　of　the　community　in　which　that　legislation　has　been　promulgated。　　The　Americans　of　this　portion　of　the　Uni