of　freedom　by　abolishing　slavery；　they　have　no　means　of　perceptibly　diminishing　the　black　population；　and　they　would　remain　unsupported　to　repress　its　excesses。　　So　that　in　the　course　of　a　few　years；　a　great　people　of　free　negroes　would　exist　in　the　heart　of　a　white　nation　of　equal　size。
  The　same　abuses　of　power　which　still　maintain　slavery；　would　then　become　the　source　of　the　most　alarming　perils　which　the　white　population　of　the　South　might　have　to　apprehend。　　At　the　present　time　the　descendants　of　the　Europeans　are　the　sole　owners　of　the　land；　the　absolute　masters　of　all　labor；　and　the　only　persons　who　are　possessed　of　wealth；　knowledge；　and　arms。　　The　black　is　destitute　of　all　these　advantages；　but　he　subsists　without　them　because　he　is　a　slave。　　If　he　were　free；　and　obliged　to　provide　for　his　own　subsistence；　would　it　be　possible　for　him　to　remain　without　these　things　and　to　support　life？　　Or　would　not　the　very　instruments　of　the　present　superiority　of　the　white；　whilst　slavery　exists；　expose　him　to　a　thousand　dangers　if　it　were　abolished？
  As　long　as　the　negro　remains　a　slave；　he　may　be　kept　in　a　condition　not　very　far　removed　from　that　of　the　brutes；　but；　with　his　liberty；　he　cannot　but　acquire　a　degree　of　instruction　which　will　enable　him　to　appreciate　his　misfortunes；　and　to　discern　a　remedy　for　them。　　Moreover；　there　exists　a　singular　principle　of　relative　justice　which　is　very　firmly　implanted　in　the　human　heart。　　Men　are　much　more　forcibly　struck　by　those　inequalities　which　exist　within　the　circle　of　the　same　class；　than　with　those　which　may　be　remarked　between　different　classes。　　It　is　more　easy　for　them　to　admit　slavery；　than　to　allow　several　millions　of　citizens　to　exist　under　a　load　of　eternal　infamy　and　hereditary　wretchedness。　　In　the　North　the　population　of　freed　negroes　feels　these　hardships　and　resents　these　indignities；　but　its　numbers　and　its　powers　are　small；　whilst　in　the　South　it　would　be　numerous　and　strong。
  As　soon　as　it　is　admitted　that　the　whites　and　the　emancipated　blacks　are　placed　upon　the　same　territory　in　the　situation　of　two　alien　communities；　it　will　readily　be　understood　that　there　are　but　two　alternatives　for　the　future；　the　negroes　and　the　whites　must　either　wholly　part　or　wholly　mingle。　I　have　already　expressed　the　conviction　which　I　entertain　as　to　the　latter　event。　*r　I　do　not　imagine　that　the　white　and　black　races　will　ever　live　in　any　country　upon　an　equal　footing。　　But　I　believe　the　difficulty　to　be　still　greater　in　the　United　States　than　elsewhere。　　An　isolated　individual　may　surmount　the　prejudices　of　religion；　of　his　country；　or　of　his　race；　and　if　this　individual　is　a　king　he　may　effect　surprising　changes　in　society；　but　a　whole　people　cannot　rise；　as　it　were；　above　itself。　　A　despot　who　should　subject　the　Americans　and　their　former　slaves　to　the　same　yoke；　might　perhaps　succeed　in　commingling　their　races；　but　as　long　as　the　American　democracy　remains　at　the　head　of　affairs；　no　one　will　undertake　so　difficult　a　task；　and　it　may　be　foreseen　that　the　freer　the　white　population　of　the　United　States　becomes；　the　more　isolated　will　it　remain。　*s
  ＇Footnote　r：　This　opinion　is　sanctioned　by　authorities　infinitely　weightier　than　anything　that　I　can　say：　thus；　for　instance；　it　is　stated　in　the　〃Memoirs　of　Jefferson〃　（as　collected　by　M。　Conseil）；　〃Nothing　is　more　clearly　written　in　the　book　of　destiny　than　the　emancipation　of　the　blacks；　and　it　is　equally　certain　that　the　two　races　will　never　live　in　a　state　of　equal　freedom　under　the　same　government；　so　insurmountable　are　the　barriers　which　nature；　habit；　and　opinions　have　established　between　them。〃＇
  ＇Footnote　s：　If　the　British　West　India　planters　had　governed　themselves；　they　would　assuredly　not　have　passed　the　Slave　Emancipation　Bill　which　the　mother…country　has　recently　imposed　upon　them。＇
  I　have　previously　observed　that　the　mixed　race　is　the　true　bond　of　union　between　the　Europeans　and　the　Indians；　just　so　the　mulattoes　are　the　true　means　of　transition　between　the　white　and　the　negro；　so　that　wherever　mulattoes　abound；　the　intermixture　of　the　two　races　is　not　impossible。　　In　some　parts　of　America；　the　European　and　the　negro　races　are　so　crossed　by　one　another；　that　it　is　rare　to　meet　with　a　man　who　is　entirely　black；　or　entirely　white：　when　they　are　arrived　at　this　point；　the　two　races　may　really　be　said　to　be　combined；　or　rather　to　have　been　absorbed　in　a　third　race；　which　is　connected　with　both　without　being　identical　with　either。
  Of　all　the　Europeans　the　English　are　those　who　have　mixed　least　with　the　negroes。　　More　mulattoes　are　to　be　seen　in　the　South　of　the　Union　than　in　the　North；　but　still　they　are　infinitely　more　scarce　than　in　any　other　European　colony：　mulattoes　are　by　no　means　numerous　in　the　United　States；　they　have　no　force　peculiar　to　themselves；　and　when　quarrels　originating　in　differences　of　color　take　place；　they　generally　side　with　the　whites；　just　as　the　lackeys　of　the　great；　in　Europe；　assume　the　contemptuous　airs　of　nobility　to　the　lower　orders。
  The　pride　of　origin；　which　is　natural　to　the　English；　is　singularly　augmented　by　the　personal　pride　which　democratic　liberty　fosters　amongst　the　Americans：　the　white　citizen　of　the　United　States　is　proud　of　his　race；　and　proud　of　himself。　　But　if　the　whites　and　the　negroes　do　not　intermingle　in　the　North　of　the　Union；　how　should　they　mix　in　the　South？　　Can　it　be　supposed　for　an　instant；　that　an　American　of　the　Southern　States；　placed；　as　he　must　forever　be；　between　the　white　man　with　all　his　physical　and　moral　superiority　and　the　negro；　will　ever　think　of　preferring　the　latter？　　The　Americans　of　the　Southern　States　have　two　powerful　passions　which　will　always　keep　them　aloof；　the　first　is　the　fear　of　being　assimilated　to　the　negroes；　their　former　slaves；　and　the　second　the　dread　of　sinking　below　the　whites；　their　neighbors。
  If　I　were　called　upon　to　predict　what　will　probably　occur　at　some　future　time；　I　should　say；　that　the　abolition　of　slavery　in　the　South　will；　in　the　common　course　of　things；　increase　the　repugnance　of　the　white　population　for　the　men　of　color。　　I　found　this　opinion　upon　the　analogous　observation　which　I　already　had　occasion　to　make　in　the　North。　　I　there　remarked　that　the　white　inhabitants　of　the　North　avoid　the　negroes　with　increasing　care；　in　proportion　as　the　legal　barriers　of　separation　are　removed　by　the　legislature；　and　why　should　not　the　same　result　take　place　in　the　South？　　In　the　North；　the　whites　are　deterred　from　intermingling　with　the　blacks　by　the　fear　of　an　imaginary　danger；　in　the　South；　where　the　danger　would　be　real；　I　cannot　imagine　that　the　fear　would　be　less　general。
  If；　on　the　one　hand；　it　be　admitted　（and　the　fact　is　unquestionable）　that　the　colored　population　perpetually　accumulates　in　the　extreme　South；　and　that　it　increases　more　rapidly　than　that　of　the　whites；　and　if；　on　the　other　hand；　it　be　allowed　that　it　is　impossible　to　foresee　a　time　at　which　the　whites　and　the　blacks　will　be　so　intermingled　as　to　derive　the　same　benefits　from　society；　must　it　not　be　inferred　that　the　blacks　and　the　whites　will；　sooner　or　later；　come　to　open　strife　in　the　Southern　States　of　the　Union？　But　if　it　be　asked　what　the　issue　of　the　struggle　is　likely　to　be；　it　will　readily　be　understood　that　we　are　here　left　to　form　a　very　vague　surmise　of　the　truth。　The　human　mind　may　succeed　in　tracing　a　wide　circle；　as　it　were；　which　includes　the　course　of　future　events；　but　within　that　circle　a　thousand　various　chances　and　circumstances　may　direct　it　in　as　many　different　ways；　and　in　every　picture　of　the　future　there　is　a　dim　spot；　which　the　eye　of　the　understanding　cannot　penetrate。　　It　appears；　however；　to　be　extremely　probable　that　in　the　West　Indian　Islands　the　white　race　is　destined　to　be　subdued；　and　the　black　population　to　share　the　same　fate　upon　the　continent。
  In　the　West　India　Islands　the　white　planters　are　surrounded　by　an　immense　black　population；　on　the　continent；　the　blacks　are　placed　between　the　ocean　and　an　innumerable　people；　which　already　extends　over　them　in　a　dense　mass；　from　the　icy　confines　of　Canada　to　the　frontiers　of　Virginia；　and　from　the　banks　of　the　Missouri　to　the　shores　of　the　Atlantic。　　If　the　white　citizens　of　North　America　remain　united；　it　cannot　be　supposed　that　the　negroes　will　escape　the　destruction　with　which　they　are　menaced；　they　must　be　subdued　by　want　or　by　the　sword。　　But　the　black　population　which　is　accumulated　along　the　coast　of　the　Gulf　of　Mexico；　has　a　chance　of　success　if　the　American　Union　is　dissolved　when　the　struggle　between　the　two　races　begins。　　If　the　federal　tie　were　broken；　the　citizens　of　the　South　would　be　wrong　to　rely　upon　any　lasting　succor　from　their　Northern　countrymen。　　The　latter　are　well　aware　that　the　danger　can　never　reach　them；　and　unless　they　are　constrained　to　march　to　the　assistance　of　the　South　by　a　positive　obligation；　it　may　be　foreseen　that　the　sympathy　of　color　will　be　insufficient　to　stimulate　their　exertions。
  Yet；　at　whatever　period　the　strife　may　break　out；　the　whites　of　the　South；　even　if　they　are　abandoned　to　their　own　resources；　will　enter　the　lists　with　an　immense　superiority　of　knowledge　and　of　the　means　of　warfare；　but　the　blacks　will　have　num