k　as　well　there　as　in　the　two　latter　countries。　　If　slavery　has　been　abolished　in　Italy　and　in　Spain　without　causing　the　destruction　of　the　masters；　why　should　not　the　same　thing　take　place　in　the　Union？　　I　cannot　believe　that　nature　has　prohibited　the　Europeans　in　Georgia　and　the　Floridas；　under　pain　of　death；　from　raising　the　means　of　subsistence　from　the　soil；　but　their　labor　would　unquestionably　be　more　irksome　and　less　productive　to　them　than　to　the　inhabitants　of　New　England。　As　the　free　workman　thus　loses　a　portion　of　his　superiority　over　the　slave　in　the　Southern　States；　there　are　fewer　inducements　to　abolish　slavery。
  ＇Footnote　o：　This　is　true　of　the　spots　in　which　rice　is　cultivated；　rice…grounds；　which　are　unwholesome　in　all　countries；　are　particularly　dangerous　in　those　regions　which　are　exposed　to　the　beams　of　a　tropical　sun。　Europeans　would　not　find　it　easy　to　cultivate　the　soil　in　that　part　of　the　New　World　if　it　must　be　necessarily　be　made　to　produce　rice；　but　may　they　not　subsist　without　rice…grounds？＇
  ＇Footnote　p：　These　States　are　nearer　to　the　equator　than　Italy　and　Spain；　but　the　temperature　of　the　continent　of　America　is　very　much　lower　than　that　of　Europe。
  The　Spanish　Government　formerly　caused　a　certain　number　of　peasants　from　the　Acores　to　be　transported　into　a　district　of　Louisiana　called　Attakapas；　by　way　of　experiment。　　These　settlers　still　cultivate　the　soil　without　the　assistance　of　slaves；　but　their　industry　is　so　languid　as　scarcely　to　supply　their　most　necessary　wants。＇
  All　the　plants　of　Europe　grow　in　the　northern　parts　of　the　Union；　the　South　has　special　productions　of　its　own。　　It　has　been　observed　that　slave　labor　is　a　very　expensive　method　of　cultivating　corn。　　The　farmer　of　corn　land　in　a　country　where　slavery　is　unknown　habitually　retains　a　small　number　of　laborers　in　his　service；　and　at　seed…time　and　harvest　he　hires　several　additional　hands；　who　only　live　at　his　cost　for　a　short　period。　　But　the　agriculturist　in　a　slave　State　is　obliged　to　keep　a　large　number　of　slaves　the　whole　year　round；　in　order　to　sow　his　fields　and　to　gather　in　his　crops；　although　their　services　are　only　required　for　a　few　weeks；　but　slaves　are　unable　to　wait　till　they　are　hired；　and　to　subsist　by　their　own　labor　in　the　mean　time　like　free　laborers；　in　order　to　have　their　services　they　must　be　bought。　　Slavery；　independently　of　its　general　disadvantages；　is　therefore　still　more　inapplicable　to　countries　in　which　corn　is　cultivated　than　to　those　which　produce　crops　of　a　different　kind。　　The　cultivation　of　tobacco；　of　cotton；　and　especially　of　the　sugar…cane；　demands；　on　the　other　hand；　unremitting　attention：　and　women　and　children　are　employed　in　it；　whose　services　are　of　but　little　use　in　the　cultivation　of　wheat。　　Thus　slavery　is　naturally　more　fitted　to　the　countries　from　which　these　productions　are　derived。　　Tobacco；　cotton；　and　the　sugar…cane　are　exclusively　grown　in　the　South；　and　they　form　one　of　the　principal　sources　of　the　wealth　of　those　States。　　If　slavery　were　abolished；　the　inhabitants　of　the　South　would　be　constrained　to　adopt　one　of　two　alternatives：　they　must　either　change　their　system　of　cultivation；　and　then　they　would　come　into　competition　with　the　more　active　and　more　experienced　inhabitants　of　the　North；　or；　if　they　continued　to　cultivate　the　same　produce　without　slave　labor；　they　would　have　to　support　the　competition　of　the　other　States　of　the　South；　which　might　still　retain　their　slaves。　　Thus；　peculiar　reasons　for　maintaining　slavery　exist　in　the　South　which　do　not　operate　in　the　North。
  But　there　is　yet　another　motive　which　is　more　cogent　than　all　the　others：　the　South　might　indeed；　rigorously　speaking；　abolish　slavery；　but　how　should　it　rid　its　territory　of　the　black　population？　　Slaves　and　slavery　are　driven　from　the　North　by　the　same　law；　but　this　twofold　result　cannot　be　hoped　for　in　the　South。
  The　arguments　which　I　have　adduced　to　show　that　slavery　is　more　natural　and　more　advantageous　in　the　South　than　in　the　North；　sufficiently　prove　that　the　number　of　slaves　must　be　far　greater　in　the　former　districts。　　It　was　to　the　southern　settlements　that　the　first　Africans　were　brought；　and　it　is　there　that　the　greatest　number　of　them　have　always　been　imported。　　As　we　advance　towards　the　South；　the　prejudice　which　sanctions　idleness　increases　in　power。　In　the　States　nearest　to　the　tropics　there　is　not　a　single　white　laborer；　the　negroes　are　consequently　much　more　numerous　in　the　South　than　in　the　North。　And；　as　I　have　already　observed；　this　disproportion　increases　daily；　since　the　negroes　are　transferred　to　one　part　of　the　Union　as　soon　as　slavery　is　abolished　in　the　other。　　Thus　the　black　population　augments　in　the　South；　not　only　by　its　natural　fecundity；　but　by　the　compulsory　emigration　of　the　negroes　from　the　North；　and　the　African　race　has　causes　of　increase　in　the　South　very　analogous　to　those　which　so　powerfully　accelerate　the　growth　of　the　European　race　in　the　North。
  In　the　State　of　Maine　there　is　one　negro　in　300　inhabitants；　in　Massachusetts；　one　in　100；　in　New　York；　two　in　100；　in　Pennsylvania；　three　in　the　same　number；　in　Maryland；　thirty…four；　in　Virginia；　forty…two；　and　lastly；　in　South　Carolina　*q　fifty…five　per　cent。　　Such　was　the　proportion　of　the　black　population　to　the　whites　in　the　year　1830。　　But　this　proportion　is　perpetually　changing；　as　it　constantly　decreases　in　the　North　and　augments　in　the　South。
  ＇Footnote　q：　We　find　it　asserted　in　an　American　work；　entitled　〃Letters　on　the　Colonization　Society；〃　by　Mr。　Carey；　1833；　〃That　for　the　last　forty　years　the　black　race　has　increased　more　rapidly　than　the　white　race　in　the　State　of　South　Carolina；　and　that　if　we　take　the　average　population　of　the　five　States　of　the　South　into　which　slaves　were　first　introduced；　viz。；　Maryland；　Virginia；　South　Carolina；　North　Carolina；　and　Georgia；　we　shall　find　that　from　1790　to　1830　the　whites　have　augmented　in　the　proportion　of　80　to　100；　and　the　blacks　in　that　of　112　to　100。〃
  In　the　United　States；　in　1830；　the　population　of　the　two　races　stood　as　follows：　…
  States　where　slavery　is　abolished；　6；565；434　whites；　120；520　blacks。　Slave　States；　3；960；814　whites；　2；208；102　blacks。　　＇In　1890　the　United　States　contained　a　population　of　54；983；890　whites；　and　7；638；360　negroes。＇＇
  It　is　evident　that　the　most　Southern　States　of　the　Union　cannot　abolish　slavery　without　incurring　very　great　dangers；　which　the　North　had　no　reason　to　apprehend　when　it　emancipated　its　black　population。　　We　have　already　shown　the　system　by　which　the　Northern　States　secure　the　transition　from　slavery　to　freedom；　by　keeping　the　present　generation　in　chains；　and　setting　their　descendants　free；　by　this　means　the　negroes　are　gradually　introduced　into　society；　and　whilst　the　men　who　might　abuse　their　freedom　are　kept　in　a　state　of　servitude；　those　who　are　emancipated　may　learn　the　art　of　being　free　before　they　become　their　own　masters。　　But　it　would　be　difficult　to　apply　this　method　in　the　South。　　To　declare　that　all　the　negroes　born　after　a　certain　period　shall　be　free；　is　to　introduce　the　principle　and　the　notion　of　liberty　into　the　heart　of　slavery；　the　blacks　whom　the　law　thus　maintains　in　a　state　of　slavery　from　which　their　children　are　delivered；　are　astonished　at　so　unequal　a　fate；　and　their　astonishment　is　only　the　prelude　to　their　impatience　and　irritation。　　Thenceforward　slavery　loses；　in　their　eyes；　that　kind　of　moral　power　which　it　derived　from　time　and　habit；　it　is　reduced　to　a　mere　palpable　abuse　of　force。　　The　Northern　States　had　nothing　to　fear　from　the　contrast；　because　in　them　the　blacks　were　few　in　number；　and　the　white　population　was　very　considerable。　　But　if　this　faint　dawn　of　freedom　were　to　show　two　millions　of　men　their　true　position；　the　oppressors　would　have　reason　to　tremble。　　After　having　affranchised　the　children　of　their　slaves　the　Europeans　of　the　Southern　States　would　very　shortly　be　obliged　to　extend　the　same　benefit　to　the　whole　black　population。
  Chapter　XVIII：　Future　Condition　Of　Three　Races　…　Part　V
  In　the　North；　as　I　have　already　remarked；　a　twofold　migration　ensues　upon　the　abolition　of　slavery；　or　even　precedes　that　event　when　circumstances　have　rendered　it　probable；　the　slaves　quit　the　country　to　be　transported　southwards；　and　the　whites　of　the　Northern　States；　as　well　as　the　emigrants　from　Europe；　hasten　to　fill　up　their　place。　　But　these　two　causes　cannot　operate　in　the　same　manner　in　the　Southern　States。　　On　the　one　hand；　the　mass　of　slaves　is　too　great　for　any　expectation　of　their　ever　being　removed　from　the　country　to　be　entertained；　and　on　the　other　hand；　the　Europeans　and　Anglo…Americans　of　the　North　are　afraid　to　come　to　inhabit　a　country　in　which　labor　has　not　yet　been　reinstated　in　its　rightful　honors。　　Besides；　they　very　justly　look　upon　the　States　in　which　the　proportion　of　the　negroes　equals　or　exceeds　that　of　the　whites；　as　exposed　to　very　great　dangers；　and　they　refrain　from　turning　their　activity　in　that　direction。
  Thus　the　inhabitants　of　the　South　would　not　be　able；　like　their　Northern　countrymen；　to　initiate　the　slaves　gradually　into　a　state　of　freedom　by　abolishing　slavery；　they　have　no　means　of　perceptibly　diminishing　the　black　population