…They　are　no　longer　able　to　make　war　…　Reasons　why　they　refused　to　become　civilized　when　it　was　in　their　power；　and　why　they　cannot　become　so　now　that　they　desire　it　…　Instance　of　the　Creeks　and　Cherokees　…　Policy　of　the　particular　States　towards　these　Indians　…　Policy　of　the　Federal　Government。
  None　of　the　Indian　tribes　which　formerly　inhabited　the　territory　of　New　England　…　the　Naragansetts；　the　Mohicans；　the　Pecots　…　have　any　existence　but　in　the　recollection　of　man。　　The　Lenapes；　who　received　William　Penn；　a　hundred　and　fifty　years　ago；　upon　the　banks　of　the　Delaware；　have　disappeared；　and　I　myself　met　with　the　last　of　the　Iroquois；　who　were　begging　alms。　　The　nations　I　have　mentioned　formerly　covered　the　country　to　the　sea…coast；　but　a　traveller　at　the　present　day　must　penetrate　more　than　a　hundred　leagues　into　the　interior　of　the　continent　to　find　an　Indian。　　Not　only　have　these　wild　tribes　receded；　but　they　are　destroyed；　*b　and　as　they　give　way　or　perish；　an　immense　and　increasing　people　fills　their　place。　There　is　no　instance　upon　record　of　so　prodigious　a　growth；　or　so　rapid　a　destruction：　the　manner　in　which　the　latter　change　takes　place　is　not　difficult　to　describe。
  ＇Footnote　b：　In　the　thirteen　original　States　there　are　only　6；273　Indians　remaining。　　（See　Legislative　Documents；　20th　Congress；　No。　117；　p。　90。）　＇The　decrease　in　now　far　greater；　and　is　verging　on　extinction。　　See　page　360　of　this　volume。＇＇
  When　the　Indians　were　the　sole　inhabitants　of　the　wilds　from　whence　they　have　since　been　expelled；　their　wants　were　few。　　Their　arms　were　of　their　own　manufacture；　their　only　drink　was　the　water　of　the　brook；　and　their　clothes　consisted　of　the　skins　of　animals；　whose　flesh　furnished　them　with　food。
  The　Europeans　introduced　amongst　the　savages　of　North　America　fire…arms；　ardent　spirits；　and　iron：　they　taught　them　to　exchange　for　manufactured　stuffs；　the　rough　garments　which　had　previously　satisfied　their　untutored　simplicity。　　Having　acquired　new　tastes；　without　the　arts　by　which　they　could　be　gratified；　the　Indians　were　obliged　to　have　recourse　to　the　workmanship　of　the　whites；　but　in　return　for　their　productions　the　savage　had　nothing　to　offer　except　the　rich　furs　which　still　abounded　in　his　woods。　　Hence　the　chase　became　necessary；　not　merely　to　provide　for　his　subsistence；　but　in　order　to　procure　the　only　objects　of　barter　which　he　could　furnish　to　Europe。　*c　Whilst　the　wants　of　the　natives　were　thus　increasing；　their　resources　continued　to　diminish。
  ＇Footnote　c：　Messrs。　Clarke　and　Cass；　in　their　Report　to　Congress　on　February　4；　1829；　p。　23；　expressed　themselves　thus：　…　〃The　time　when　the　Indians　generally　could　supply　themselves　with　food　and　clothing；　without　any　of　the　articles　of　civilized　life；　has　long　since　passed　away。　　The　more　remote　tribes；　beyond　the　Mississippi；　who　live　where　immense　herds　of　buffalo　are　yet　to　be　found　and　who　follow　those　animals　in　their　periodical　migrations；　could　more　easily　than　any　others　recur　to　the　habits　of　their　ancestors；　and　live　without　the　white　man　or　any　of　his　manufactures。　　But　the　buffalo　is　constantly　receding。　　The　smaller　animals；　the　bear；　the　deer；　the　beaver；　the　otter；　the　muskrat；　etc。；　principally　minister　to　the　comfort　and　support　of　the　Indians；　and　these　cannot　be　taken　without　guns；　ammunition；　and　traps。　Among　the　Northwestern　Indians　particularly；　the　labor　of　supplying　a　family　with　food　is　excessive。　　Day　after　day　is　spent　by　the　hunter　without　success；　and　during　this　interval　his　family　must　subsist　upon　bark　or　roots；　or　perish。　　Want　and　misery　are　around　them　and　among　them。　　Many　die　every　winter　from　actual　starvation。〃
  The　Indians　will　not　live　as　Europeans　live；　and　yet　they　can　neither　subsist　without　them；　nor　exactly　after　the　fashion　of　their　fathers。　　This　is　demonstrated　by　a　fact　which　I　likewise　give　upon　official　authority。　Some　Indians　of　a　tribe　on　the　banks　of　Lake　Superior　had　killed　a　European；　the　American　government　interdicted　all　traffic　with　the　tribe　to　which　the　guilty　parties　belonged；　until　they　were　delivered　up　to　justice。　　This　measure　had　the　desired　effect。＇
  From　the　moment　when　a　European　settlement　is　formed　in　the　neighborhood　of　the　territory　occupied　by　the　Indians；　the　beasts　of　chase　take　the　alarm。　*d　Thousands　of　savages；　wandering　in　the　forests　and　destitute　of　any　fixed　dwelling；　did　not　disturb　them；　but　as　soon　as　the　continuous　sounds　of　European　labor　are　heard　in　their　neighborhood；　they　begin　to　flee　away；　and　retire　to　the　West；　where　their　instinct　teaches　them　that　they　will　find　deserts　of　immeasurable　extent。　　〃The　buffalo　is　constantly　receding；〃　say　Messrs。　Clarke　and　Cass　in　their　Report　of　the　year　1829；　〃a　few　years　since　they　approached　the　base　of　the　Alleghany；　and　a　few　years　hence　they　may　even　be　rare　upon　the　immense　plains　which　extend　to　the　base　of　the　Rocky　Mountains。〃　I　have　been　assured　that　this　effect　of　the　approach　of　the　whites　is　often　felt　at　two　hundred　leagues'　distance　from　their　frontier。　Their　influence　is　thus　exerted　over　tribes　whose　name　is　unknown　to　them；　and　who　suffer　the　evils　of　usurpation　long　before　they　are　acquainted　with　the　authors　of　their　distress。　*e
  ＇Footnote　d：　〃Five　years　ago；〃　（says　Volney　in　his　〃Tableau　des　Etats…Unis；〃　p。　370）　〃in　going　from　Vincennes　to　Kaskaskia；　a　territory　which　now　forms　part　of　the　State　of　Illinois；　but　which　at　the　time　I　mention　was　completely　wild　（1797）；　you　could　not　cross　a　prairie　without　seeing　herds　of　from　four　to　five　hundred　buffaloes。　　There　are　now　none　remaining；　they　swam　across　the　Mississippi　to　escape　from　the　hunters；　and　more　particularly　from　the　bells　of　the　American　cows。〃＇
  ＇Footnote　e：　The　truth　of　what　I　here　advance　may　be　easily　proved　by　consulting　the　tabular　statement　of　Indian　tribes　inhabiting　the　United　States　and　their　territories。　　（Legislative　Documents；　20th　Congress；　No。　117；　pp。　90…105。）　It　is　there　shown　that　the　tribes　in　the　centre　of　America　are　rapidly　decreasing；　although　the　Europeans　are　still　at　a　considerable　distance　from　them。＇
  Bold　adventurers　soon　penetrate　into　the　country　the　Indians　have　deserted；　and　when　they　have　advanced　about　fifteen　or　twenty　leagues　from　the　extreme　frontiers　of　the　whites；　they　begin　to　build　habitations　for　civilized　beings　in　the　midst　of　the　wilderness。　　This　is　done　without　difficulty；　as　the　territory　of　a　hunting…nation　is　ill…defined；　it　is　the　common　property　of　the　tribe；　and　belongs　to　no　one　in　particular；　so　that　individual　interests　are　not　concerned　in　the　protection　of　any　part　of　it。
  A　few　European　families；　settled　in　different　situations　at　a　considerable　distance　from　each　other；　soon　drive　away　the　wild　animals　which　remain　between　their　places　of　abode。　　The　Indians；　who　had　previously　lived　in　a　sort　of　abundance；　then　find　it　difficult　to　subsist；　and　still　more　difficult　to　procure　the　articles　of　barter　which　they　stand　in　need　of。
  To　drive　away　their　game　is　to　deprive　them　of　the　means　of　existence；　as　effectually　as　if　the　fields　of　our　agriculturists　were　stricken　with　barrenness；　and　they　are　reduced；　like　famished　wolves；　to　prowl　through　the　forsaken　woods　in　quest　of　prey。　　Their　instinctive　love　of　their　country　attaches　them　to　the　soil　which　gave　them　birth；　*f　even　after　it　has　ceased　to　yield　anything　but　misery　and　death。　　At　length　they　are　compelled　to　acquiesce；　and　to　depart：　they　follow　the　traces　of　the　elk；　the　buffalo；　and　the　beaver；　and　are　guided　by　these　wild　animals　in　the　choice　of　their　future　country。　　Properly　speaking；　therefore；　it　is　not　the　Europeans　who　drive　away　the　native　inhabitants　of　America；　it　is　famine　which　compels　them　to　recede；　a　happy　distinction　which　had　escaped　the　casuists　of　former　times；　and　for　which　we　are　indebted　to　modern　discovery！
  ＇Footnote　f：　〃The　Indians；〃　say　Messrs。　Clarke　and　Cass　in　their　Report　to　Congress；　p。　15；　〃are　attached　to　their　country　by　the　same　feelings　which　bind　us　to　ours；　and；　besides；　there　are　certain　superstitious　notions　connected　with　the　alienation　of　what　the　Great　Spirit　gave　to　their　ancestors；　which　operate　strongly　upon　the　tribes　who　have　made　few　or　no　cessions；　but　which　are　gradually　weakened　as　our　intercourse　with　them　is　extended。　　'We　will　not　sell　the　spot　which　contains　the　bones　of　our　fathers；'　is　almost　always　the　first　answer　to　a　proposition　for　a　sale。〃＇
  It　is　impossible　to　conceive　the　extent　of　the　sufferings　which　attend　these　forced　emigrations。　　They　are　undertaken　by　a　people　already　exhausted　and　reduced；　and　the　countries　to　which　the　newcomers　betake　themselves　are　inhabited　by　other　tribes　which　receive　them　with　jealous　hostility。　　Hunger　is　in　the　rear；　war　awaits　them；　and　misery　besets　them　on　all　sides。　　In　the　hope　of　escaping　from　such　a　host　of　enemies；　they　separate；　and　each　individual　endeavors　to　procure　the　means　of　supporting　his　existence　in　solitude　and　secrecy；　living　in　the　immensity　of　the　desert　like　an　outcast　in　civilized　society。　　The　social　tie；　which　distress　had　long　since　weakened；　is　then　dissolved；　they　have　lost　their　country；　and　their　people　soon　desert　them：　their　very　families　are　obliterated；　the　names　they　bo