learns；　with　his　first　notions　of　existence；　that　he　is　the　property　of　another；　who　has　an　interest　in　preserving　his　life；　and　that　the　care　of　it　does　not　devolve　upon　himself；　even　the　power　of　thought　appears　to　him　a　useless　gift　of　Providence；　and　he　quietly　enjoys　the　privileges　of　his　debasement。　　If　he　becomes　free；　independence　is　often　felt　by　him　to　be　a　heavier　burden　than　slavery；　for　having　learned；　in　the　course　of　his　life；　to　submit　to　everything　except　reason；　he　is　too　much　unacquainted　with　her　dictates　to　obey　them。　　A　thousand　new　desires　beset　him；　and　he　is　destitute　of　the　knowledge　and　energy　necessary　to　resist　them：　these　are　masters　which　it　is　necessary　to　contend　with；　and　he　has　learnt　only　to　submit　and　obey。　In　short；　he　sinks　to　such　a　depth　of　wretchedness；　that　while　servitude　brutalizes；　liberty　destroys　him。
  Oppression　has　been　no　less　fatal　to　the　Indian　than　to　the　negro　race；　but　its　effects　are　different。　　Before　the　arrival　of　white　men　in　the　New　World；　the　inhabitants　of　North　America　lived　quietly　in　their　woods；　enduring　the　vicissitudes　and　practising　the　virtues　and　vices　common　to　savage　nations。　　The　Europeans；　having　dispersed　the　Indian　tribes　and　driven　them　into　the　deserts；　condemned　them　to　a　wandering　life　full　of　inexpressible　sufferings。
  Savage　nations　are　only　controlled　by　opinion　and　by　custom。　　When　the　North　American　Indians　had　lost　the　sentiment　of　attachment　to　their　country；　when　their　families　were　dispersed；　their　traditions　obscured；　and　the　chain　of　their　recollections　broken；　when　all　their　habits　were　changed；　and　their　wants　increased　beyond　measure；　European　tyranny　rendered　them　more　disorderly　and　less　civilized　than　they　were　before。　　The　moral　and　physical　condition　of　these　tribes　continually　grew　worse；　and　they　became　more　barbarous　as　they　became　more　wretched。　　Nevertheless；　the　Europeans　have　not　been　able　to　metamorphose　the　character　of　the　Indians；　and　though　they　have　had　power　to　destroy　them；　they　have　never　been　able　to　make　them　submit　to　the　rules　of　civilized　society。
  The　lot　of　the　negro　is　placed　on　the　extreme　limit　of　servitude；　while　that　of　the　Indian　lies　on　the　uttermost　verge　of　liberty；　and　slavery　does　not　produce　more　fatal　effects　upon　the　first；　than　independence　upon　the　second。　　The　negro　has　lost　all　property　in　his　own　person；　and　he　cannot　dispose　of　his　existence　without　committing　a　sort　of　fraud：　but　the　savage　is　his　own　master　as　soon　as　he　is　able　to　act；　parental　authority　is　scarcely　known　to　him；　he　has　never　bent　his　will　to　that　of　any　of　his　kind；　nor　learned　the　difference　between　voluntary　obedience　and　a　shameful　subjection；　and　the　very　name　of　law　is　unknown　to　him。　　To　be　free；　with　him；　signifies　to　escape　from　all　the　shackles　of　society。　　As　he　delights　in　this　barbarous　independence；　and　would　rather　perish　than　sacrifice　the　least　part　of　it；　civilization　has　little　power　over　him。
  The　negro　makes　a　thousand　fruitless　efforts　to　insinuate　himself　amongst　men　who　repulse　him；　he　conforms　to　the　tastes　of　his　oppressors；　adopts　their　opinions；　and　hopes　by　imitating　them　to　form　a　part　of　their　community。　Having　been　told　from　infancy　that　his　race　is　naturally　inferior　to　that　of　the　whites；　he　assents　to　the　proposition　and　is　ashamed　of　his　own　nature。　In　each　of　his　features　he　discovers　a　trace　of　slavery；　and；　if　it　were　in　his　power；　he　would　willingly　rid　himself　of　everything　that　makes　him　what　he　is。
  The　Indian；　on　the　contrary；　has　his　imagination　inflated　with　the　pretended　nobility　of　his　origin；　and　lives　and　dies　in　the　midst　of　these　dreams　of　pride。　　Far　from　desiring　to　conform　his　habits　to　ours；　he　loves　his　savage　life　as　the　distinguishing　mark　of　his　race；　and　he　repels　every　advance　to　civilization；　less　perhaps　from　the　hatred　which　he　entertains　for　it；　than　from　a　dread　of　resembling　the　Europeans。　*a　While　he　has　nothing　to　oppose　to　our　perfection　in　the　arts　but　the　resources　of　the　desert；　to　our　tactics　nothing　but　undisciplined　courage；　whilst　our　well…digested　plans　are　met　by　the　spontaneous　instincts　of　savage　life；　who　can　wonder　if　he　fails　in　this　unequal　contest？
  ＇Footnote　a：　The　native　of　North　America　retains　his　opinions　and　the　most　insignificant　of　his　habits　with　a　degree　of　tenacity　which　has　no　parallel　in　history。　　For　more　than　two　hundred　years　the　wandering　tribes　of　North　America　have　had　daily　intercourse　with　the　whites；　and　they　have　never　derived　from　them　either　a　custom　or　an　idea。　　Yet　the　Europeans　have　exercised　a　powerful　influence　over　the　savages：　they　have　made　them　more　licentious；　but　not　more　European。　　In　the　summer　of　1831　I　happened　to　be　beyond　Lake　Michigan；　at　a　place　called　Green　Bay；　which　serves　as　the　extreme　frontier　between　the　United　States　and　the　Indians　on　the　north…western　side。　Here　I　became　acquainted　with　an　American　officer；　Major　H。；　who；　after　talking　to　me　at　length　on　the　inflexibility　of　the　Indian　character；　related　the　following　fact：　…　〃I　formerly　knew　a　young　Indian；〃　said　he；　〃who　had　been　educated　at　a　college　in　New　England；　where　he　had　greatly　distinguished　himself；　and　had　acquired　the　external　appearance　of　a　member　of　civilized　society。　　When　the　war　broke　out　between　ourselves　and　the　English　in　1810；　I　saw　this　young　man　again；　he　was　serving　in　our　army；　at　the　head　of　the　warriors　of　his　tribe；　for　the　Indians　were　admitted　amongst　the　ranks　of　the　Americans；　upon　condition　that　they　would　abstain　from　their　horrible　custom　of　scalping　their　victims。　　On　the　evening　of　the　battle　of　。　。　。；　C。　came　and　sat　himself　down　by　the　fire　of　our　bivouac。　I　asked　him　what　had　been　his　fortune　that　day：　he　related　his　exploits；　and　growing　warm　and　animated　by　the　recollection　of　them；　he　concluded　by　suddenly　opening　the　breast　of　his　coat；　saying；　'You　must　not　betray　me　…　see　here！'　And　I　actually　beheld；〃　said　the　Major；　〃between　his　body　and　his　shirt；　the　skin　and　hair　of　an　English　head；　still　dripping　with　gore。〃＇
  The　negro；　who　earnestly　desires　to　mingle　his　race　with　that　of　the　European；　cannot　effect　if；　while　the　Indian；　who　might　succeed　to　a　certain　extent；　disdains　to　make　the　attempt。　　The　servility　of　the　one　dooms　him　to　slavery；　the　pride　of　the　other　to　death。
  I　remember　that　while　I　was　travelling　through　the　forests　which　still　cover　the　State　of　Alabama；　I　arrived　one　day　at　the　log　house　of　a　pioneer。　I　did　not　wish　to　penetrate　into　the　dwelling　of　the　American；　but　retired　to　rest　myself　for　a　while　on　the　margin　of　a　spring；　which　was　not　far　off；　in　the　woods。　　While　I　was　in　this　place　（which　was　in　the　neighborhood　of　the　Creek　territory）；　an　Indian　woman　appeared；　followed　by　a　negress；　and　holding　by　the　hand　a　little　white　girl　of　five　or　six　years　old；　whom　I　took　to　be　the　daughter　of　the　pioneer。　　A　sort　of　barbarous　luxury　set　off　the　costume　of　the　Indian；　rings　of　metal　were　hanging　from　her　nostrils　and　ears；　her　hair；　which　was　adorned　with　glass　beads；　fell　loosely　upon　her　shoulders；　and　I　saw　that　she　was　not　married；　for　she　still　wore　that　necklace　of　shells　which　the　bride　always　deposits　on　the　nuptial　couch。　　The　negress　was　clad　in　squalid　European　garments。　　They　all　three　came　and　seated　themselves　upon　the　banks　of　the　fountain；　and　the　young　Indian；　taking　the　child　in　her　arms；　lavished　upon　her　such　fond　caresses　as　mothers　give；　while　the　negress　endeavored　by　various　little　artifices　to　attract　the　attention　of　the　young　Creole。
  The　child　displayed　in　her　slightest　gestures　a　consciousness　of　superiority　which　formed　a　strange　contrast　with　her　infantine　weakness；　as　if　she　received　the　attentions　of　her　companions　with　a　sort　of　condescension。　The　negress　was　seated　on　the　ground　before　her　mistress；　watching　her　smallest　desires；　and　apparently　divided　between　strong　affection　for　the　child　and　servile　fear；　whilst　the　savage　displayed；　in　the　midst　of　her　tenderness；　an　air　of　freedom　and　of　pride　which　was　almost　ferocious。　　I　had　approached　the　group；　and　I　contemplated　them　in　silence；　but　my　curiosity　was　probably　displeasing　to　the　Indian　woman；　for　she　suddenly　rose；　pushed　the　child　roughly　from　her；　and　giving　me　an　angry　look　plunged　into　the　thicket。　I　had　often　chanced　to　see　individuals　met　together　in　the　same　place；　who　belonged　to　the　three　races　of　men　which　people　North　America。　　I　had　perceived　from　many　different　results　the　preponderance　of　the　whites。　　But　in　the　picture　which　I　have　just　been　describing　there　was　something　peculiarly　touching；　a　bond　of　affection　here　united　the　oppressors　with　the　oppressed；　and　the　effort　of　nature　to　bring　them　together　rendered　still　more　striking　the　immense　distance　placed　between　them　by　prejudice　and　by　law。
  The　Present　And　Probable　Future　Condition　Of　The　Indian　Tribes　Which　Inhabit　The　Territory　Possessed　By　The　Union
  Gradual　disappearance　of　the　native　tribes　…　Manner　in　which　it　takes　place　…Miseries　accompanying　the　forced　migrations　of　the　Indians　…　The　savages　of　North　America　had　only　two　ways　of　escaping　destruction；　war　or　civilization　…They　are　no　longer　able　to　make　war　…　Reasons　why　they　refused　to　become　civilized　when　it　was　in