to　society　than　these　virtues。　The　French　Canadians；　who　have　faithfully　preserved　the　traditions　of　their　pristine　manners；　are　already　embarrassed　for　room　upon　their　small　territory；　and　this　little　community；　which　has　so　recently　begun　to　exist；　will　shortly　be　a　prey　to　the　calamities　incident　to　old　nations。　　In　Canada；　the　most　enlightened；　patriotic；　and　humane　inhabitants　make　extraordinary　efforts　to　render　the　people　dissatisfied　with　those　simple　enjoyments　which　still　content　it。　　There；　the　seductions　of　wealth　are　vaunted　with　as　much　zeal　as　the　charms　of　an　honest　but　limited　income　in　the　Old　World；　and　more　exertions　are　made　to　excite　the　passions　of　the　citizens　there　than　to　calm　them　elsewhere。　　If　we　listen　to　their　eulogies；　we　shall　hear　that　nothing　is　more　praiseworthy　than　to　exchange　the　pure　and　homely　pleasures　which　even　the　poor　man　tastes　in　his　own　country　for　the　dull　delights　of　prosperity　under　a　foreign　sky；　to　leave　the　patrimonial　hearth　and　the　turf　beneath　which　his　forefathers　sleep；　in　short；　to　abandon　the　living　and　the　dead　in　quest　of　fortune。
  At　the　present　time　America　presents　a　field　for　human　effort　far　more　extensive　than　any　sum　of　labor　which　can　be　applied　to　work　it。　　In　America　too　much　knowledge　cannot　be　diffused；　for　all　knowledge；　whilst　it　may　serve　him　who　possesses　it；　turns　also　to　the　advantage　of　those　who　are　without　it。　New　wants　are　not　to　be　feared；　since　they　can　be　satisfied　without　difficulty；　the　growth　of　human　passions　need　not　be　dreaded；　since　all　passions　may　find　an　easy　and　a　legitimate　object；　nor　can　men　be　put　in　possession　of　too　much　freedom；　since　they　are　scarcely　ever　tempted　to　misuse　their　liberties。
  The　American　republics　of　the　present　day　are　like　companies　of　adventurers　formed　to　explore　in　common　the　waste　lands　of　the　New　World；　and　busied　in　a　flourishing　trade。　　The　passions　which　agitate　the　Americans　most　deeply　are　not　their　political　but　their　commercial　passions；　or；　to　speak　more　correctly；　they　introduce　the　habits　they　contract　in　business　into　their　political　life。　　They　love　order；　without　which　affairs　do　not　prosper；　and　they　set　an　especial　value　upon　a　regular　conduct；　which　is　the　foundation　of　a　solid　business；　they　prefer　the　good　sense　which　amasses　large　fortunes　to　that　enterprising　spirit　which　frequently　dissipates　them；　general　ideas　alarm　their　minds；　which　are　accustomed　to　positive　calculations；　and　they　hold　practice　in　more　honor　than　theory。
  It　is　in　America　that　one　learns　to　understand　the　influence　which　physical　prosperity　exercises　over　political　actions；　and　even　over　opinions　which　ought　to　acknowledge　no　sway　but　that　of　reason；　and　it　is　more　especially　amongst　strangers　that　this　truth　is　perceptible。　　Most　of　the　European　emigrants　to　the　New　World　carry　with　them　that　wild　love　of　independence　and　of　change　which　our　calamities　are　so　apt　to　engender。　　I　sometimes　met　with　Europeans　in　the　United　States　who　had　been　obliged　to　leave　their　own　country　on　account　of　their　political　opinions。　　They　all　astonished　me　by　the　language　they　held；　but　one　of　them　surprised　me　more　than　all　the　rest。　　As　I　was　crossing　one　of　the　most　remote　districts　of　Pennsylvania　I　was　benighted；　and　obliged　to　beg　for　hospitality　at　the　gate　of　a　wealthy　planter；　who　was　a　Frenchman　by　birth。　　He　bade　me　sit　down　beside　his　fire；　and　we　began　to　talk　with　that　freedom　which　befits　persons　who　meet　in　the　backwoods；　two　thousand　leagues　from　their　native　country。　I　was　aware　that　my　host　had　been　a　great　leveller　and　an　ardent　demagogue　forty　years　ago；　and　that　his　name　was　not　unknown　to　fame。　　I　was；　therefore；　not　a　little　surprised　to　hear　him　discuss　the　rights　of　property　as　an　economist　or　a　landowner　might　have　done：　he　spoke　of　the　necessary　gradations　which　fortune　establishes　among　men；　of　obedience　to　established　laws；　of　the　influence　of　good　morals　in　commonwealths；　and　of　the　support　which　religious　opinions　give　to　order　and　to　freedom；　he　even　went　to　far　as　to　quote　an　evangelical　authority　in　corroboration　of　one　of　his　political　tenets。
  I　listened；　and　marvelled　at　the　feebleness　of　human　reason。　　A　proposition　is　true　or　false；　but　no　art　can　prove　it　to　be　one　or　the　other；　in　the　midst　of　the　uncertainties　of　science　and　the　conflicting　lessons　of　experience；　until　a　new　incident　disperses　the　clouds　of　doubt；　I　was　poor；　I　become　rich；　and　I　am　not　to　expect　that　prosperity　will　act　upon　my　conduct；　and　leave　my　judgment　free；　my　opinions　change　with　my　fortune；　and　the　happy　circumstances　which　I　turn　to　my　advantage　furnish　me　with　that　decisive　argument　which　was　before　wanting。　The　influence　of　prosperity　acts　still　more　freely　upon　the　American　than　upon　strangers。　　The　American　has　always　seen　the　connection　of　public　order　and　public　prosperity；　intimately　united　as　they　are；　go　on　before　his　eyes；　he　does　not　conceive　that　one　can　subsist　without　the　other；　he　has　therefore　nothing　to　forget；　nor　has　he；　like　so　many　Europeans；　to　unlearn　the　lessons　of　his　early　education。
  Chapter　XVII：　Principal　Causes　Maintaining　The　Democratic　Republic　…　Part　II
  Influence　Of　The　Laws　Upon　The　Maintenance　Of　The　Democratic　Republic　In　The　United　States
  Three　principal　causes　of　the　maintenance　of　the　democratic　republic　…　Federal　Constitutions　…　Municipal　institutions　…　Judicial　power。
  The　principal　aim　of　this　book　has　been　to　make　known　the　laws　of　the　United　States；　if　this　purpose　has　been　accomplished；　the　reader　is　already　enabled　to　judge　for　himself　which　are　the　laws　that　really　tend　to　maintain　the　democratic　republic；　and　which　endanger　its　existence。　　If　I　have　not　succeeded　in　explaining　this　in　the　whole　course　of　my　work；　I　cannot　hope　to　do　so　within　the　limits　of　a　single　chapter。　　It　is　not　my　intention　to　retrace　the　path　I　have　already　pursued；　and　a　very　few　lines　will　suffice　to　recapitulate　what　I　have　previously　explained。
  Three　circumstances　seem　to　me　to　contribute　most　powerfully　to　the　maintenance　of　the　democratic　republic　in　the　United　States。
  The　first　is　that　Federal　form　of　Government　which　the　Americans　have　adopted；　and　which　enables　the　Union　to　combine　the　power　of　a　great　empire　with　the　security　of　a　small　State。
  The　second　consists　in　those　municipal　institutions　which　limit　the　despotism　of　the　majority；　and　at　the　same　time　impart　a　taste　for　freedom　and　a　knowledge　of　the　art　of　being　free　to　the　people。
  The　third　is　to　be　met　with　in　the　constitution　of　the　judicial　power。　I　have　shown　in　what　manner　the　courts　of　justice　serve　to　repress　the　excesses　of　democracy；　and　how　they　check　and　direct　the　impulses　of　the　majority　without　stopping　its　activity。
  Influence　Of　Manners　Upon　The　Maintenance　Of　The　Democratic　Republic　In　The　United　States
  I　have　previously　remarked　that　the　manners　of　the　people　may　be　considered　as　one　of　the　general　causes　to　which　the　maintenance　of　a　democratic　republic　in　the　United　States　is　attributable。　　I　here　used　the　word　manners　with　the　meaning　which　the　ancients　attached　to　the　word　mores；　for　I　apply　it　not　only　to　manners　in　their　proper　sense　of　what　constitutes　the　character　of　social　intercourse；　but　I　extend　it　to　the　various　notions　and　opinions　current　among　men；　and　to　the　mass　of　those　ideas　which　constitute　their　character　of　mind。　　I　comprise；　therefore；　under　this　term　the　whole　moral　and　intellectual　condition　of　a　people。　　My　intention　is　not　to　draw　a　picture　of　American　manners；　but　simply　to　point　out　such　features　of　them　as　are　favorable　to　the　maintenance　of　political　institutions。
  Religion　Considered　As　A　Political　Institution；　Which　Powerfully　Contributes　To　The　Maintenance　Of　The　Democratic　Republic　Amongst　The　Americans
  North　America　peopled　by　men　who　professed　a　democratic　and　republican　Christianity　…　Arrival　of　the　Catholics　…　For　what　reason　the　Catholics　form　the　most　democratic　and　the　most　republican　class　at　the　present　time。
  Every　religion　is　to　be　found　in　juxtaposition　to　a　political　opinion　which　is　connected　with　it　by　affinity。　　If　the　human　mind　be　left　to　follow　its　own　bent；　it　will　regulate　the　temporal　and　spiritual　institutions　of　society　upon　one　uniform　principle；　and　man　will　endeavor；　if　I　may　use　the　expression；　to　harmonize　the　state　in　which　he　lives　upon　earth　with　the　state　which　he　believes　to　await　him　in　heaven。　　The　greatest　part　of　British　America　was　peopled　by　men　who；　after　having　shaken　off　the　authority　of　the　Pope；　acknowledged　no　other　religious　supremacy；　they　brought　with　them　into　the　New　World　a　form　of　Christianity　which　I　cannot　better　describe　than　by　styling　it　a　democratic　and　republican　religion。　　This　sect　contributed　powerfully　to　the　establishment　of　a　democracy　and　a　republic；　and　from　the　earliest　settlement　of　the　emigrants　politics　and　religion　contracted　an　alliance　which　has　never　been　dissolved。
  About　fifty　years　ago　Ireland　began　to　pour　a　Catholic　population　into　the　United　States；　on　the　other　hand；　the　Catholics　of　America　made　proselytes；　and　at　the　present　moment　more　than　a　million　of　Christians　professing　the　truths　of　the　Church　of　Rome　are　to　be　met　with　in　the