e　other　elective；　one　aristocratic　and　the　other　democratic。　　It　was　not　their　object　to　create　in　the　one　a　bulwark　to　power；　whilst　the　other　represented　the　interests　and　passions　of　the　people。　　The　only　advantages　which　result　from　the　present　constitution　of　the　United　States　are　the　division　of　the　legislative　power　and　the　consequent　check　upon　political　assemblies；　with　the　creation　of　a　tribunal　of　appeal　for　the　revision　of　the　laws。
  Time　and　experience；　however；　have　convinced　the　Americans　that　if　these　are　its　only　advantages；　the　division　of　the　legislative　power　is　still　a　principle　of　the　greatest　necessity。　　Pennsylvania　was　the　only　one　of　the　United　States　which　at　first　attempted　to　establish　a　single　House　of　Assembly；　and　Franklin　himself　was　so　far　carried　away　by　the　necessary　consequences　of　the　principle　of　the　sovereignty　of　the　people　as　to　have　concurred　in　the　measure；　but　the　Pennsylvanians　were　soon　obliged　to　change　the　law；　and　to　create　two　Houses。　　Thus　the　principle　of　the　division　of　the　legislative　power　was　finally　established；　and　its　necessity　may　henceforward　be　regarded　as　a　demonstrated　truth。　　This　theory；　which　was　nearly　unknown　to　the　republics　of　antiquity　…　which　was　introduced　into　the　world　almost　by　accident；　like　so　many　other　great　truths　…　and　misunderstood　by　several　modern　nations；　is　at　length　become　an　axiom　in　the　political　science　of　the　present　age。
  ＇See　Benjamin　Franklin＇
  The　Executive　Power　Of　The　State
  Office　of　Governor　in　an　American　State　…　The　place　he　occupies　in　relation　to　the　Legislature　…　His　rights　and　his　duties　…　His　dependence　on　the　people。
  The　executive　power　of　the　State　may　with　truth　be　said　to　be　represented　by　the　Governor；　although　he　enjoys　but　a　portion　of　its　rights。　The　supreme　magistrate；　under　the　title　of　Governor；　is　the　official　moderator　and　counsellor　of　the　legislature。　　He　is　armed　with　a　veto　or　suspensive　power；　which　allows　him　to　stop；　or　at　least　to　retard；　its　movements　at　pleasure。　He　lays　the　wants　of　the　country　before　the　legislative　body；　and　points　out　the　means　which　he　thinks　may　be　usefully　employed　in　providing　for　them；　he　is　the　natural　executor　of　its　decrees　in　all　the　undertakings　which　interest　the　nation　at　large。　*o　In　the　absence　of　the　legislature；　the　Governor　is　bound　to　take　all　necessary　steps　to　guard　the　State　against　violent　shocks　and　unforeseen　dangers。　　The　whole　military　power　of　the　State　is　at　the　disposal　of　the　Governor。　　He　is　the　commander　of　the　militia；　and　head　of　the　armed　force。　　When　the　authority；　which　is　by　general　consent　awarded　to　the　laws；　is　disregarded；　the　Governor　puts　himself　at　the　head　of　the　armed　force　of　the　State；　to　quell　resistance；　and　to　restore　order。　　Lastly；　the　Governor　takes　no　share　in　the　administration　of　townships　and　counties；　except　it　be　indirectly　in　the　nomination　of　Justices　of　the　Peace；　which　nomination　he　has　not　the　power　to　cancel。　*p　The　Governor　is　an　elected　magistrate；　and　is　generally　chosen　for　one　or　two　years　only；　so　that　he　always　continues　to　be　strictly　dependent　upon　the　majority　who　returned　him。
  ＇Footnote　o：　Practically　speaking；　it　is　not　always　the　Governor　who　executes　the　plans　of　the　Legislature；　it　often　happens　that　the　latter；　in　voting　a　measure；　names　special　agents　to　superintend　the　execution　of　it。＇
  ＇Footnote　p：　In　some　of　the　States　the　justices　of　the　peace　are　not　elected　by　the　Governor。＇
  Political　Effects　Of　The　System　Of　Local　Administration　In　The　United　States
  Necessary　distinction　between　the　general　centralization　of　Government　and　the　centralization　of　the　local　administration　…　Local　administration　not　centralized　in　the　United　States：　great　general　centralization　of　the　Government　…　Some　bad　consequences　resulting　to　the　United　States　from　the　local　administration　…　Administrative　advantages　attending　this　order　of　things　…　The　power　which　conducts　the　Government　is　less　regular；　less　enlightened；　less　learned；　but　much　greater　than　in　Europe　…　Political　advantages　of　this　order　of　things　…　In　the　United　States　the　interests　of　the　country　are　everywhere　kept　in　view　…　Support　given　to　the　Government　by　the　community　…　Provincial　institutions　more　necessary　in　proportion　as　the　social　condition　becomes　more　democratic　…　Reason　of　this。
  Centralization　is　become　a　word　of　general　and　daily　use；　without　any　precise　meaning　being　attached　to　it。　　Nevertheless；　there　exist　two　distinct　kinds　of　centralization；　which　it　is　necessary　to　discriminate　with　accuracy。　Certain　interests　are　common　to　all　parts　of　a　nation；　such　as　the　enactment　of　its　general　laws　and　the　maintenance　of　its　foreign　relations。　　Other　interests　are　peculiar　to　certain　parts　of　the　nation；　such；　for　instance；　as　the　business　of　different　townships。　　When　the　power　which　directs　the　general　interests　is　centred　in　one　place；　or　vested　in　the　same　persons；　it　constitutes　a　central　government。　　In　like　manner　the　power　of　directing　partial　or　local　interests；　when　brought　together　into　one　place；　constitutes　what　may　be　termed　a　central　administration。
  Upon　some　points　these　two　kinds　of　centralization　coalesce；　but　by　classifying　the　objects　which　fall　more　particularly　within　the　province　of　each　of　them；　they　may　easily　be　distinguished。　　It　is　evident　that　a　central　government　acquires　immense　power　when　united　to　administrative　centralization。　　Thus　combined；　it　accustoms　men　to　set　their　own　will　habitually　and　completely　aside；　to　submit；　not　only　for　once；　or　upon　one　point；　but　in　every　respect；　and　at　all　times。　　Not　only；　therefore；　does　this　union　of　power　subdue　them　compulsorily；　but　it　affects　them　in　the　ordinary　habits　of　life；　and　influences　each　individual；　first　separately　and　then　collectively。
  These　two　kinds　of　centralization　mutually　assist　and　attract　each　other；　but　they　must　not　be　supposed　to　be　inseparable。　　It　is　impossible　to　imagine　a　more　completely　central　government　than　that　which　existed　in　France　under　Louis　XIV。；　when　the　same　individual　was　the　author　and　the　interpreter　of　the　laws；　and　the　representative　of　France　at　home　and　abroad；　he　was　justified　in　asserting　that　the　State　was　identified　with　his　person。　Nevertheless；　the　administration　was　much　less　centralized　under　Louis　XIV。　than　it　is　at　the　present　day。
  In　England　the　centralization　of　the　government　is　carried　to　great　perfection；　the　State　has　the　compact　vigor　of　a　man；　and　by　the　sole　act　of　its　will　it　puts　immense　engines　in　motion；　and　wields　or　collects　the　efforts　of　its　authority。　　Indeed；　I　cannot　conceive　that　a　nation　can　enjoy　a　secure　or　prosperous　existence　without　a　powerful　centralization　of　government。　　But　I　am　of　opinion　that　a　central　administration　enervates　the　nations　in　which　it　exists　by　incessantly　diminishing　their　public　spirit。　If　such　an　administration　succeeds　in　condensing　at　a　given　moment；　on　a　given　point；　all　the　disposable　resources　of　a　people；　it　impairs　at　least　the　renewal　of　those　resources。　　It　may　ensure　a　victory　in　the　hour　of　strife；　but　it　gradually　relaxes　the　sinews　of　strength。　　It　may　contribute　admirably　to　the　transient　greatness　of　a　man；　but　it　cannot　ensure　the　durable　prosperity　of　a　nation。
  If　we　pay　proper　attention；　we　shall　find　that　whenever　it　is　said　that　a　State　cannot　act　because　it　has　no　central　point；　it　is　the　centralization　of　the　government　in　which　it　is　deficient。　　It　is　frequently　asserted；　and　we　are　prepared　to　assent　to　the　proposition；　that　the　German　empire　was　never　able　to　bring　all　its　powers　into　action。　　But　the　reason　was；　that　the　State　was　never　able　to　enforce　obedience　to　its　general　laws；　because　the　several　members　of　that　great　body　always　claimed　the　right；　or　found　the　means；　of　refusing　their　co…operation　to　the　representatives　of　the　common　authority；　even　in　the　affairs　which　concerned　the　mass　of　the　people；　in　other　words；　because　there　was　no　centralization　of　government。　　The　same　remark　is　applicable　to　the　Middle　Ages；　the　cause　of　all　the　confusion　of　feudal　society　was　that　the　control；　not　only　of　local　but　of　general　interests；　was　divided　amongst　a　thousand　hands；　and　broken　up　in　a　thousand　different　ways；　the　absence　of　a　central　government　prevented　the　nations　of　Europe　from　advancing　with　energy　in　any　straightforward　course。
  We　have　shown　that　in　the　United　States　no　central　administration　and　no　dependent　series　of　public　functionaries　exist。　　Local　authority　has　been　carried　to　lengths　which　no　European　nation　could　endure　without　great　inconvenience；　and　which　has　even　produced　some　disadvantageous　consequences　in　America。　　But　in　the　United　States　the　centralization　of　the　Government　is　complete；　and　it　would　be　easy　to　prove　that　the　national　power　is　more　compact　than　it　has　ever　been　in　the　old　nations　of　Europe。　　Not　only　is　there　but　one　legislative　body　in　each　State；　not　only　does　there　exist　but　one　source　of　political　authority；　but　district　assemblies　and　county　courts　have　not　in　general　been　multiplied；　lest　they　should　be　tempted　to　exceed　their　administrative　duties；　and　interfere　with　the　Government。　　In　America　the　legislature　of　each　State　is　supreme；　nothing