；　there　is　no　obvious　remedy；　　unless　the　President　is　chosen　for　a　longer　term　of　office　and　　made　ineligible　for　a　second　term；　and　the　mischievous　doctrine　　of　rotation　in　office　is　rejected　as　incompatible　with　the　true　　interests　of　the　public。　　Here　is　matter　for　the　consideration　of　　the　American　statesman。　　But　as　to　the　usurpations　of　the　　Executive　in　these　unsettled　times；　they　will　be　only　temporary；　　and　will　cease　when　the　States　are　all　restored。　　They　are　　abuses；　but　only　temporary　abuses；　and　the　Southern　States；　when　　restored　to　the　Union；　will　resume　their　rights　in　their　own　　sphere；　as　self…governing　communities；　and　legalize　or　undo　the　　unwarrantable　acts　of　the　Federal　Executive。
  The　socialistic　and　centralizing　tendency　in　the　bosom　of　the　　individual　States　is　the　most　dangerous；　but　it　will　not　be　able　　to　become　predominant；　for　philanthropy；　unlike　charity；　does　not　　begin　at　home；　and　is　powerless　unless　it　operates　at　a　distance。　　　In　the　States　in　which　the　humanitarian　tendency　is　the　　strongest；　the　territorial　democracy　has　its　most　effective　　organization。　　Prior　to　the　outbreak　of　the　rebellion　the　　American　people　had　asserted　374　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　popular　sovereignty；　but　had　never　　rendered　an　account　to　themselves　in　what　sense　the　people　are　or　　are　not　sovereign。　　They　had　never　distinguished　the　three　sorts　　of　democracy　from　one　another；　asked　themselves　which　of　the　　three　is　the　distinctively　American　democracy。　　For　them；　　democracy　was　democracy；　and　those　who　saw　dangers　ahead　sought　　to　avoid　them　either　by　exaggerating　one　or　the　other　of　the　two　　exclusive　tendencies；　or　else　by　restraining　democracy　itself　　through　restrictions　on　suffrage。　　The　latter　class　began　to　　distrust　universal　suffrage；　to　lose　faith　in　the　people；　and　to　　dream　of　modifying　the　American　constitution　so　as　to　make　it　　conform　more　nearly　to　the　English　model。　　The　war　has　proved　　that　the　were　wrong；　for　nothing　is　more　certain　than　that　the　　people　have　saved　the　national　unity　and　integrity　almost　in　　spite　of　their　government。　　The　General　government　either　was　not　　disposed　or　was　afraid　to　take　a　decided　stand　against　secession；　　till　forced　to　do　it　by　the　people　themselves。　　No　wise　American　　can　henceforth　distrust　American　democracy。　　The　people　may　be　　trusted。　　So　much　is　settled。　　But　as　the　two　extremes　were　　equally　democratic；　as　the　secessionists　acted　in　the　name　of　　popular　sovereignty；　and　as　the　humanitarians　375　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　were　not　unwilling　　to　allow　separation；　and　would　not　and　did　not　engage　in　the　war　　against　secession　for　the　sake　of　the　Union　and　the　integrity　of　　the　national　domain；　the　conviction　becomes　irresistible　that　it　　was　not　democracy　in　the　sense　of　either　of　the　extremes　that　　made　the　war　and　came　out　of　it　victorious；　and　hence　the　real　　American　democracy　must　differ　from　them　both；　and　is　neither　a　　personal　nor　a　humanitarian；　but　a　territorial　democracy。　　The　　true　idea　of　American　democracy　thus　comes　out；　for　the　first　　time；　freed　from　the　two　extreme　democracies　which　have　been　　identified　with　it；　and　henceforth　enters　into　the　understandings　　as　well　as　the　hearts　of　the　people。　　The　war　has　enlightened　　patriotism；　and　what　was　sentiment　or　instinct　becomes　reasona　　well…defined；　and　clearly　understood　constitutional　conviction。
  In　the　several　States　themselves　there　are　many　things　to　prevent　　the　socialistic　tendency　from　becoming　exclusive。　　In　the　States　　that　seceded　socialism　has　never　had　a　foothold；　and　will　not　　gain　it；　for　it　is　resisted　by　all　the　sentiments；　convictions；　　and　habits　of　the　Southern　people；　and　the　Southern　people　will　　not　be　exterminated　nor　swamped　by　migrations　either　from　the　　North　or　from　Europe。　　They　are　and　376　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　always　will　be　an　　agricultural　people；　and　an　agricultural　people　are　and　always　　will　be　opposed　to　socialistic　dreams；　unless　unwittingly　held　　for　a　moment　to　favor　it　in　pursuit　of　some　special　object　in　　which　they　take　a　passionate　interest。　　The　worst　of　all　policies　　is　that　of　hanging；　exiling；　or　disfranchising　the　wealthy　　landholders　of　the　South；　in　order　to　bring　up　the　poor　and　　depressed　whites；　shadowed　forth　in　the　Executive　proclamation　of　　the　29th　of　May；　1865。　　Of　course　that　policy　will　not　be　carried　　out；　and　if　the　negroes　are　enfranchised；　they　will　always　vote　　with　the　wealthy　landholding　class；　and　aid　them　in　resisting　all　　socialistic　tendencies。　　The　humanitarians　will　fail　for　the　want　　of　a　good　social　grievance　against　which　they　can　declaim。
  In　the　New　England　States　the　humanitarian　tendency　is　strong　as　　a　speculation；　but　only　in　relation　to　objects　at　a　distance。　　It　　is　aided　much　by　the　congregational　constitution　of　their　　religion；　yet　it　is　weak　at　home；　and　is　resisted　practically　by　　the　territorial　division　of　power。　　New　England　means　　Massachusetts；　and　nowhere　is　the　subdivision　of　the　powers　of　　government　carried　further；　or　the　constitution　of　the　　territorial　democracy　more　complete；　than　in　that　State。　　　Philanthropy　sel…　377　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　dom　works　in　private　against　private　vices　and　　evils：　it　is　effective　only　against　public　grievances；　and　the　　farther　they　are　from　home　and　the　less　its　right　to　interfere　　with　them；　the　more　in　earnest　and　the　more　effective　for　evil　　does　it　become。　　Its　nature　is　to　mind　every　one's　business　but　　its　own。　　But　now　that　slavery　is　abolished；　there　is　nowhere　in　　the　United　States　a　social　grievance　of　magnitude　enough　to　　enlist　any　considerable　number　of　the　people；　even　of　　Massachusetts；　in　a　movement　to　redress　it。　　Negro　　enfranchisement　is　a　question　of　which　the　humanitarians　can　make　　something　and　they　will　make　the　most　of　it；　but　as　it　is　a　　question　that　each　State　will　soon　settle　for　itself；　it　will　not　　serve　their　purpose　of　prolonged　agitation。　　They　could　not　and　　never　did　carry　away　the　nation；　even　on　the　question　of　slavery　　itself；　and　abolitionism　had　comparatively　little　direct　　influence　in　abolishing　slavery；　and　the　exclusion　of　negro　　suffrage　can　never　be　made　to　appear　to　the　American　people　as　　any　thing　like　so　great　a　grievance　as　was　slavery。
  Besides；　in　all　the　States　that　did　not　secede；　Catholics　are　a　　numerous　and　an　important　portion　of　the　population。　　Their　　increasing　numbers；　wealth；　and　education　secure　them；　as　much　378　as　the　majority　may　dislike　their　religion；　a　constantly　　increasing　influence；　and　it　is　idle　to　leave　them　out　in　　counting　the　future　of　the　country。　　They　will；　in　a　very　few　　years；　be　the　best　and　most　thoroughly　educated　class　of　the　　American　people；　and；　aside　from　their　religion；　or；　rather；　in　　consequence　of　their　religion；　the　most　learned；　enlightened；　and　　intelligent　portion　of　the　American　population；　and　as　much　as　　they　have　disliked　the　abolitionists；　they　have；　in　the　army　and　　elsewhere；　contributed　their　full　share　to　the　victory　the　nation　　has　won。　　The　best　things　written　on　the　controversy　have　been　　written　by　Catholics；　and　Catholics　are　better　fitted　by　their　　religion　to　comprehend　the　real　character　of　the　American　　constitution　than　any　other　class　of　Americans；　the　moment　they　　study　it　in　the　light　of　their　own　theology。　　The　American　　constitution　is　based　on　that　of　natural　society；　on　the　　solidarity　of　the　race；　and　the　difference　between　natural　　society　and　the　church　or　Christian　society　is；　that　the　one　is　　initial　and　the　other　teleological。　　The　law　of　both　is　the　same；　　Catholics；　as　such；　must　resist　both　extremes；　because　each　is　　exclusive；　and　whatever　is　exclusive　or　one…sided　is　uncatholic。　　　If　they　have　been　backward　in　their　sympathy　with　379　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　the　government；　　it　has　been　through　their　dislike　of　the　puritanic　spirit　and　the　　humanitarian　or　socialistic　elements　they　detected　in　the　　Republican　party；　joined　with　a　prejudice　against　political　and　　social　negro　equality。　　But　their　church　everywhere　opposes　the　　socialistic　movements　of　the　age；　all　movements　in　behalf　of　　barbarism；　and　they　may　always　be　counted　on　to　resist　the　　advance　of　the　socialistic　democracy。　　If　the　country　has　had　　reason　to　complain　of　some　of　them　in　the　late　war；　it　will　have；　　in　the　future；　far　stronger　reason　to　be　grateful；　not　to　them；　　indeed；　for　the　citizen　owes　his　life　to　his　country；　but　to　　their　religion；　which　has　been　and　is　the　grand　protectress　of　　modern　society　and　civilization。
  》From　the　origin　of　the　government　there　has　been　a　tendency　to　　the　extension　of　suffrage；　and　to　exclude　both　birth　and　private　　property　as　bases　of　political　rights　or　franchises。　　This　　tendency　has　often　been　justified　on　the　ground　that　the　elective　　franchise　is　a　natural　right；　which　is　not　true；　because　the　　elective　franchise　is　political　power；　and　political　power　is　　always　a　civil　trust；　never　a　natural　right；　and　the　state　judges　　for　itself　to　whom　it　will　or　will　not　confide　the　trust；　but　　there　can　be　no　doubt　that　it　is　a　normal　tendency；　and　in　strict　380　accordance　with　the　constitution　of　American　civil　society；　which　　rests　on　the　unity　of　the　race；　a