第 24 节
作者:公主站记      更新:2021-04-30 17:05      字数:9320
  t of Rome introduced  into the nations founded on the site of the empire; a double  constitutionthe barbaric and the civilthe Germanic and the  Roman in the West; and the Tartaric or Turkish and the  Graeco…Roman in the East。  The key to all modern history is in  the mutual struggles of these two constitutions and the interests  respectively associated with them; which created two societies on  the same territory; and; for the most part; under the same  national denomination。  The barbaric was the constitution of the  conquerors; they had the power; the government; rank; wealth; and  fashion; were reinforced down to the tenth century by fresh  hordes of barbarians; and had even brought the external  ecclesiastical society to a very great extent into harmony with  itself。  The Pope became a  154                            feudal sovereign; and the bishops and  mitred abbots feudal princes and barons。  Yet; after eight  hundred years of fierce struggle; the Roman constitution got the  upper hand; and the barbaric constitution; as far as it could not  be assimilated to the Roman; was eliminated。  The original Empire  of the West is now as thoroughly Roman in its constitution; its  laws; and its civilization; as it ever was under any of its  Christian emperors before the barbarian conquest。
  The same process is going on in the East; though it has not  advanced so far; having begun there several centuries later; and  the Graeco…Roman constitution was far feebler there than in the  West at the epoch of the conquest。  The Germanic tribes that  conquered the West had long had close relations with the empire;  had served as its allies; and even in its armies; and were  partially Romanized。  Most of their chiefs had received a Roman  culture; and their early conversion to the Christian faith  facilitated the revival and permanence of the old Roman  constitution。  In the East it was different。  The conquerors had  no touch of Roman civilization; and; followers of the Prophet;  they were animated with an intense hatred; which; after the  conquest; was changed into a superb contempt; 155                                               of Christians and  Romans。  They had their civil constitution in the Koran; and the  Koran; in its principles; doctrines; and spirit; is exclusive and  profoundly intolerant。  The Graeco…Roman constitution was always  much weaker in the East; and had far greater obstacles to  overcome there than in the West; yet it has survived the shock of  the conquest。  Throughout the limits of the ancient Empire of the  East; the barbaric constitution has received and is daily  receiving rude blows; and; but as reenforced by barbarians lying  outside of the boundaries of that empire; would be no longer able  to sustain itself。  The Greek or Christian populations of the  empire are no longer in danger of being exterminated or absorbed  by the Mohammedan state or population。  They are the only living  and progressive people of the Ottoman Empire; and their complete  success in absorbing or expelling the Turk is only a question of  time。  They will; in all present probability; reestablish a  Christian and Roman East in much less time from the fall of  Constantinople in 1453; than it took the West from the fall of  Rome in 476 to put an end to the feudal or barbaric constitution  founded by its Germanic invaders。
  Indeed; the Roman constitution; laws; and 156                                           civilization not only  gain the mastery in the nations seated within the limits of the  old Roman Empire; but extend their power through out the whole  civilized world。  The Graeco…Roman civilization is; in fact; the  only civilization now recognized; and nations are accounted  civilized only in proportion as they are Romanized and  Christianized。  The Roman law; as found in the Institutes;  Pandects; and Novellae of Justinian; or the Corpus Legis Civilis;  is the basis of the law and jurisprudence of all Christendom。   The Graeco…Roman civilization; called not improperly Christian  civilization; is the only progressive civilization。  The old  feudal system remains in England little more than an empty name。   The king is only the first magistrate of the kingdom; and the  House of Lords is only an hereditary senate。  Austria is hard at  work in the Roman direction; and finds her chief obstacle to  success in Hungary; with the Magyars whose feudalism retains  almost the full vigor of the Middle Ages。  Russia is moving in  the same direction; and Prussia and the smaller Germanic states  obey the same impulse。  Indeed; Rome has survived the  conquesthas conquered her conquerors; and now invades every  region from which they came。  The Roman Empire may be said to be  acknowledged 157              and obeyed in lands lying far beyond the farthest  limits reached by the Roman eagles; and to be more truly the  mistress of the world than under Augustus; Trajan; or the  Antonines。  Nothing can stand before the Christian and Romanized  nations; and all pagandom and Mohammedom combined are too weak to  resist their onward march。
  All modern European revolutions result only in reviving the Roman  Empire; whatever the motives; interests; passions; or theories  that initiate them。  The French Revolution of the last century  and that of the present prove it。  France; let people say what  they will; stands at the head of the European civilized world;  and displays en grand all its good and all its bad tendencies。   When she moves; Europe moves; when she has a vertigo; all  European nations are dizzy; when she recovers her health; her  equilibrium; and good sense; others become sedate; steady; and  reasonable。  She is the head; nay; rather; the heart of  Christendomthe head is at Romethrough which circulates the  pure and impure blood of the nations。  It is in vain Great  Britain; Germany; or Russia disputes with her the hegemony of  European civilization。  They are forced to yield to her at last;  to be content to revolve around her as 158                                        the centre of the  political system that masters them。  The reason is; France is  more completely and sincerely Roman than any other nation。  The  revolutions that have shaken the world have resulted in  eliminating the barbaric elements she had retained; and clearing  away all obstacles to the complete triumph of Imperial Rome。   Napoleon III。 is for France what Augustus was for Rome。  The  revolutions in Spain and Italy have only swept away the relics of  the barbaric constitution; and aided the revival of Roman  imperialism。  In no country do the revolutionists succeed in  establishing their own theories; Caesar remains master of the  field。  Even in the United States; a revolution undertaken in  favor of the barbaric system has resulted in the destruction of  what remained of that systemin sweeping away the last relics of  disintegrating feudalism; and in the complete establishment of  the Graeco…Roman system; with important improvements; in the New  World。
  The Roman system is republican; in the broad sense of the term;  because under it power is never an estate; never the private  for the public good。  As it existed under the Caesars; and is  revived in modern times; whether under the 159                                            imperial or the  democratic form; it; no doubt; tends to centralism; to the  concentration of all the powers and forces of the state in one  central government; from which all local authorities and  institutions emanate。  Wise men oppose it as affording no  guaranties to individual liberty against the abuses of power。   This it may not do; but the remedy is not in feudalism。  The  feudal lord holds his authority as an estate; and has over the  people under him all the power of Caesar and all the rights of  the proprietor。  He; indeed; has a guaranty against his  liege…lord; sometimes a more effective guaranty than his  liege…lord has against him; but against his centralized power his  vassals and serfs have only the guaranty that a slave has against  his owner。
  Feudalism is alike hostile to the freedom of public authority and  of the people。  It is essentially a disintegrating element in the  nation。  It breaks the unity and individuality of the state;  embarrasses the sovereign; and guards against the abuse of public  authority by overpowering and suppressing it。  Every feudal lord  is a more thorough despot in his own domain than Caesar ever was  or could be in the empire; and the monarch; even if strong enough;  is yet not competent to intervene between him and his  160                                                       people; any  more than the General government in the United States was to  intervene between the negro slave and his master。  The great  vassals of the crown singly; or; if not singly; in  combinationand they could always combine in the interest of  their orderwere too strong for the king; or to be brought under  any public authority; and could issue from their fortified  castles and rob and plunder to their hearts' content; with none  to call them to an account。  Under the most thoroughly  centralized government there is far more liberty for the people;  and a far greater security for person and property; except in the